표제지
요약
목차
I. 서론 15
II. 재료 및 방법 23
1. 재료의 채집 23
2. 연구 방법 26
1) 핵 rDNA의 ITS 염기서열 분석 26
2) 엽록체의 RuBisCo spacer 부위 염기서열 분석 33
3) 유합자료 분석과 계통학적 유연관계 검토 33
III. 결과 39
1. ITS 염기서열의 정렬과 계통학적 유연관계 분석 39
2. RuBisCo spacer 염기서열의 정렬과 계통학적 유연관계 분석 67
3. 유합자료의 계통학적 유연관계 분석 93
1) ITS와 RuBisCo spacer 및 유합자료셀의 분석 93
2) ITS와 RuBisCo spacer 및 유합자료셀의 비교 분석 97
IV. 토의 111
1. ITS와 RuBisCo spacer 염기서열 및 유합자료의 특징 111
1) ITS 염기서열의 진화 양상 111
2) RuBisCo spacer 염기서열의 진화 양상 113
3) 유합자료 분석의 일반적 특징 116
2. 미역과와 다시마과의 계통학적 유연관계 119
1) Group간의 유연관계 119
2) Group내 속 및 종간의 유연관계 124
V. 참고문헌 135
ABSTRACT 149
부록 152
Appendix 1. Morphological features of Alaria group, sharing sporophylls on the stipe. A. Alaria angusta from Kamchatka, having holdfast, stipe, two rows of... 152
Appendix 2. Morphological features of Agarum (A - C), sharing longitudinally ribbed or perforated blades, Ecklonia (D - E), sharing outgrowths from intercalary... 154
Appendix 3. Morphological features of Hedophyllum group (A - C) sharing blades with bullation and Laminaria group (D - E) sharing blade without bullation. A.... 156
Table 1. Changes of taxonomic circumscriptions of the Laminariaceae and Alariaceae 16
Table 2. List of species investigated in this study. Taxonomic position of the species collection data, and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences of the ITS region are given in this table 24
Table 3. Synthetic primer used for amplifying and sequencing for nuclear ITS region. Position refers to nucleotide number from the start of the gene in parenthesis as the... 31
Table 4. Thermal cycling condition of polymerase chain reaction 32
Table 5. List of species investigated in this study. Taxonomic position of the species, collection data, and GenBank accession numbers for the sequences of the RuBisCo spacer region are given in this table 35
Table 6. Synthetic primer used for amplifying and sequencing for RuBisCo spacer region. Position refers to nucleotide number from the start of the gene in... 38
Table 7. Sequence length (L, base pair) and G+C (percentage) composition of the ITS region of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae 52
Table 8. Distance matrix based on aligned sequences of the ITS region. The lower half of the matrix shows absolute pairwise distances, the upper half of the matrix shows calculated sequence divergences using the Kimura two-parameter method 53
Table 9. Transition/transversion ratio based on aligned sequences of the ITS region 57
Table 10. Positions and number of characters used for phylogenetic analysis from ITS region of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae 66
Table 11. Sequence length (L, base pair) and G+C (percentage) composition of the RuBisCo spacer region of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae 76
Table 12. Distance matrix based on aligned sequences of the RuBisCo spacer region. The lower half of the matrix show absolute pairwise distances, the upper half of the matrix show calculated sequence divergences using the Kimura two-... 77
Table 13. Transition/transversion ratio based on aligned sequences of the RuBisCo spacer region 82
Table 14. Positions and number of characters used for phylogenetic analysis from RuBisCo spacer region of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae 92
Table 15. Data properties and phylogenetic analysis from reduced data sets of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. All multiple populations of the same species were... 107
Table 16. Character incongruence between ITS, RuBisCo spacer and combined data set for the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. Incongruence between data sets (e):... 108
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the nuclear rDNA region and location of the oligonucleotide primers used for amplifying and sequencing. 30
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the plastid encoded RuBisCo spacer region, and location of the oligonucleotide primers used for amplifying and sequencing. 37
Fig. 3. Sequence alignment of the ITS region of the Alariaceae, Laminariaceae and reference species. Numbers above the sequences are alignment position. Dash symbol represents alignment gap and dot symbol represents the identical sequences... 41
Fig. 4. Distribution of base substitutions across the 3' end of SSU, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and the 5' end of LSU. Each bar represents the number of... 56
Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of 18 equally parsimonous ITS trees of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. The tree has length of 1,071 steps, Cl of 0.587,... 64
Fig. 6. Neighbor-joining tree based on ITS data using Kimura two-parameter genetic distance for species of the Alariaceae and... 65
Fig. 7. Sequence alignment of the RuBisCo spacer region of the Alariaceae, Laminariaceae and reference species. Numbers above the sequences are alignment position. Dash symbol represents alignment gap and dot symbol represents the identical... 69
Fig. 8. Distribution of base substitutions across the 3' end of rbc L, RuBisCo spacer and the 5'end of rbc S. Each bar represents the... 81
Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree of 162 equally parsimonious RuBisCo trees of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. The tree has length of 368 steps, Cl of... 89
Fig. 10. Neighbor-joining tree based on RuBisCo spacer data using Kimura two-parameter genetic distance for species of the Alariaceae and... 90
Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood tree of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae based on RuBisCo spacer data. 91
Fig. 12. A single most parsimonious tree from reduced taxa of ITS sequences of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. The tree has length of... 94
Fig. 13. Strict consensus tree of 162 equally parsimonious trees from reduced taxa of RuBisCo spacer data of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. The tree... 95
Fig. 14. Strict consensus tree of 32 equally parsimonious trees from combined data set of RuBisCo spacer and ITS region for the Alariaceae and... 96
Fig. 15. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae, representing 6... 98
Fig. 16. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Alaria group. a: Comparison of ITS and RuBisCo... 102
Fig. 17. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Ecklonia group. a: Comparison of ITS and... 103
Fig. 18. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Laminaria group. a: Comparison of ITS and RuBisCo... 104
Fig. 19. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Hedophyllum group. a: Comparison of ITS and RuBisCo... 105
Fig. 20. Comparison of topologies derived from combined, ITS, and RuBisCo spacer sequences data set of the Agarum group. a: Comparison of ITS, and RuBisCo spacer... 106
Fig. 21. Forced topology analyses among three data set and trees in the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. The italic number with each data set indicate the minimum length of the... 109
Fig. 22. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Laminariaceae based on sequences of ITS, RuBisCo spacer region and combined data. 121
Fig. 23. A hypothesis of adaptive radiation accounting for the evolution of the Alariaceae and Laminariaceae. Six groups or more (candidate of Cymathere... 123