Abstract
목차
Ⅰ. 서론 17
1.1 연구배경 17
1.2 연구목적 20
Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 21
2.1 휘발성유기화합물의 개요 21
2.1.1 정의 및 성질 21
2.1.2 VOCs의 오존생성 메커니즘 27
2.1.3 배출원 및 배출량 29
2.2 자동차 배출 VOCs 개요 36
2.2.1 배출메커니즘 36
2.2.2 VOCs 배출특성에 대한 국내·외 연구현황 46
2.3 연료조성변화가 배출가스에 미치는 영향 52
2.3.1 Auto-Oil 프로그램 52
2.3.2 연료성상과 배출가스 57
2.3.3 대체연료와 배출가스 59
2.3.4 연료특성과 증발VOCs 배출 61
2.3.5 외국의 연구현황 64
2.4 VOCs 규제현황 72
2.4.1 미국 73
2.4.2 유럽 76
2.4.3 일본 76
2.4.4 우리나라 77
2.5 자동차 배출 VOCs의 오존생성력 평가 78
2.5.1 OFP에 의한 평가 78
2.5.2 Box 모델에 의한 평가 85
Ⅲ. 실험장치 및 방법 88
3.1 실험장치 88
3.1.1 차대동력계 88
3.1.2 엔진동력계 92
3.1.3 증발탄화수소 측정장치 94
3.1.4 차량 및 엔진 95
3.2 실험방법 97
3.2.1 운전모드 98
3.2.2 연료 103
3.3 자동차 배출 VOCs 분석방법 106
3.3.1 시료채취 및 분석조건 106
3.3.2 측정 VOCs 성분 108
3.3.3 자동차 배출VOCs 의 오존생성력 평가방법 110
Ⅳ. 결과 및 고찰 112
4.1 규제물질 배출특성 112
4.1.1 중·소형차 112
4.1.2 대형 경유엔진 115
4.2 차종별 VOCs 배출특성에 따른 오존생성력 평가 116
4.2.1 차속별 시험모드 116
4.2.2 배출가스 규제시험모드 127
4.2.3 대형경유엔진 138
4.3 증발 VOCs 배출특성 142
4.3.1 일일 증발과 hot soak 배출 142
4.3.2 배기관 배출과의 비교 144
4.3.3 증발탄화수소가 오존생성에 미치는 영향 145
4.4 연료조성에 의한 오존생성효과 분석 147
4.4.1 VOCs 및 오존생성에 미치는 영향 147
4.4.2 Box model 평가결과 151
4.5 VOCs 저감시나리오에 따른 오존 생성 영향 156
4.5.1 자동차 통행량 감소 156
4.5.2 연료규제 강화 159
Ⅴ. 결론 163
참고문헌 166
List of acronyms 173
Table 2-1. Physical properties of VOCs 23
Table 2-2. Category of central nervous system handicap by VOCs(WHO) 26
Table 2-3. Source and sources categories used in the VOC emission inventory prepared by the OECD for Western Europe 30
Table 2-4 Emission contribution rate by manufacturing process(1993) 31
Table 2-5. VOC emissions by on/off road vehicle(1996) 32
Table 2-6. On-highway and non-road emission inventories of some MSATs from the 1996 national toxics inventory 33
Table 2-7. Contribution rate of non-methane volatile organic compounds in different sources(London, U.K) 34
Table 2-8. Emission amount of VOCs in sources('94) 35
Table 2-9. Emission amount of VOCs in vehicles('99) 36
Table 2-10. Critical factors and engine variables in HC emission mechanisms 39
Table 2-11. Effects of gasoline composition for exhaust emission 65
Table 2-12. FTP Ozone Precursor Emission Rates 71
Table 2-13. Status and scope of VOCs regulation by nations 72
Table 2-14. Comparison of emission standards for gasoline vehicle by nations 73
Table 2-15. List of mobile source air toxics(MSATs) 74
Table 2-16. NMOG regulation standard of gasoline vehicle in California state 76
Table 2-17. Trends of tailpipe emission standard in Korea 77
Table 2-18. Photochemical ozone creating potentials(POCPs) of VOCs 79
Table 2-19. MIR factor by VOCs 83
Table 2-20. Meteorological Data in the PBM 87
Table 3-1. Specification of chassis dynamometer 90
Table 3-2. Specifications of exhaust gas analysis system 91
Table 3-3. Specifications of test vehicles and item 96
Table 3-4. Specifications of test engine 97
Table 3-5 Driving conditions of heavy-duty diesel engine 103
Table 3-6. Specification of test fuel 104
Table 3-7. VOCs components of test fuel 105
Table 3-8. Analytical conditions of autosystem GC 108
Table 3-9. Analytical conditions of ATD 400 108
Table 3-10. Analysis target VOCs 109
Table 3-11. Input parameters and data in the PBM 111
Table 4-1. Comparison of test results with other study for light-duty diesel vehicles 119
Table 4-2. Comparison of test results with other study for light-duty gasoline vehicles 121
Table 4-3. Comparison of test results with other study for medium-duty gasoline vehicles 123
Table 4-4. Comparison of test results with other study for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles 125
Table 4-5. Comparison of BTEX emission by vehicle type 129
Table 4-6. Ratios of POA components for VOCs emissions and OFP by vehicle type 129
Table 4-7. VOCs input data in PBM 152
Fig. 2-1. Schematic sources of HC, NO, and CO in a four-stroke spark ignition engine 38
Fig. 2-2. Running loss emission rate by purge/pressure test 44
Fig. 2-3. Hot soak loss emission rate by purge/pressure test 45
Fig. 2-4. Diurnal loss emission rate by purge/pressure test 45
Fig. 2-5 Tailpipe organic emissions distributions by fuel type 48
Fig. 2-6. Running loss emission rate by fuel RVP 63
Fig. 2-7. Hot soak loss emission rate by fuel RVP 63
Fig. 2-8. Diurnal loss emission rate by fuel RVP 64
Fig. 2-9. Effect of sulfur and benzene in gasoline fuel for exhaust benzene 66
Fig. 2-10. VOCs emissions of gasoline vehicle by FTP-75 mode 68
Fig. 2-11. FTP NMOG specific reactivity(Carter MIR) by alternatively fuels 70
Fig. 2-12. Comparison of POCP and MIR factor 84
Fig. 2-13. Schematic Illustration of Variation of Pollutants and Concentration in the PBM 86
Fig. 3-1. Overview of Chassis Dynamometer 89
Fig. 3-2. Overview of exhaust gas analyzer 90
Fig. 3-3. Schematic diagram for exhaust emission test system 91
Fig. 3-4. View of engine dynamometer equipped with heavy-duty diesel engine 92
Fig. 3-5. Schematic diagram of experimental measuring apparatus 93
Fig. 3-6. View of engine dynamometer controller and exhaust gas analyzer 94
Fig. 3-7. View of SHED for evaporation VOCs measurement 95
Fig. 3-8. Driving mode of final representative speed 4.5 km/h 99
Fig. 3-9. Driving mode of final representative speed 10.5 km/h 99
Fig. 3-10. Driving mode of final representative speed 24.6 km/h 100
Fig. 3-11. Driving mode of final representative speed 65.0 km/h 100
Fig. 3-12. Driving mode of final representative speed 95.0 km/h 101
Fig. 3-13. Driving cycle of CVS-75 mode 102
Fig. 3-14. View of ozone precursor analyzer system 107
Fig. 3-15. The flow path of the Air Sampler in the sample collection state 107
Fig. 4-1. Regulated emissions of below 80,000km gasoline vehicle 113
Fig. 4-2. Regulated emissions of over 80,000km gasoline vehicle 114
Fig. 4-3. Regulated emissions of below 80,000km light-duty diesel vehicle 114
Fig. 4-4. Regulated emissions of over 80,000km light-duty diesel vehicle 115
Fig. 4-5. Regulated emissions of heavy-duty diesel engine by driving conditions 116
Fig. 4-6. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP of light-duty diesel vehicles by vehicle speed 118
Fig. 4-7. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP of below 800cc gasoline vehicles by vehicle speed. 120
Fig. 4-8. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP of 1,500ccgasoline vehicles by vehicle speed. 122
Fig. 4-9. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP of 1,800cc gasoline vehicles by vehicle speed. 124
Fig. 4-10. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP of over 2,000cc gasoline vehicles by vehicle speed. 126
Fig. 4-11. Characteristics of VOCs emission and OFP for vehicle type by CVS-75 mode 128
Fig. 4-12. Characteristics of POA emissions and OFP for light-duty diesel vehicle 130
Fig. 4-13. Characteristics of POA emissions and OFP for light-duty gasoline vehicle 130
Fig. 4-14. Characteristics of POA emissions and OFP for medium-duty gasoline vehicle 131
Fig. 4-15. Characteristics of POA emissions and OFP for heavy-duty gasoline vehicle 131
Fig. 4-16. Comparison of POA emissions and OFP by vehicle type 132
Fig. 4-17. Characteristics of VOCs emissions and OFP for gasoline vehicles by engine displacements 133
Fig. 4-18. Characteristics of VOCs emissions and OFP for medium-duty gasoline vehicles by exhaust gas warranty period 135
Fig. 4-19. Characteristics of VOCs emissions and OFP for light-duty gasoline vehicles by exhaust gas warranty period 136
Fig. 4-20. Characteristics of VOCs emissions and OFP for light-duty gasoline vehicles traveled 27,000km and 128,000km. 137
Fig. 4-21. VOCs emissions of heavy-duty diesel engine by driving conditions 139
Fig. 4-22. Comparison of VOCs emissions for engine load rate in 1400 engine rpm. 140
Fig. 4-23. Comparison of VOCs emissions for engine load rate in 2200 engine rpm. 140
Fig. 4-24. Comparison of VOCs emissions for engine rpm in 10% engine load rate. 141
Fig. 4-25. Comparison of VOCs emissions for engine rpm in 100% engine load rate. 141
Fig. 4-26. Characteristics of diurnal evaporation emissions by composition ratio 143
Fig. 4-27. Characteristics of hot soak evaporation emissions by composition ratio 143
Fig. 4-28. Comparison of composition ratio for tailpipe and evaporation VOCs 145
Fig. 4-29. Comparison of VOCs and OFP for tailpipe and evaporation emission 146
Fig. 4-30. Characteristics of fuel, tailpipe VOCs and OFP for light-duty and medium-duty gasoline vehicles 148
Fig. 4-31. Characteristics of VOCs emissions and OFP for changes of aromatics composition ratio 150
Fig. 4-32. Predicted O3 concentration by PBM (different light-duty gasoline vehicle driving mileage) 154
Fig. 4-33. Predicted O3 concentration by PBM (different medium-duty gasoline vehicle driving mileage) 154
Fig. 4-34. Predicted O3 concentration by PBM (different olefin volume % changes) 155
Fig. 4-35. Predicted O3 concentration by PBM (different vehicle type) 155
Fig. 4-36. Calculation equation for VOCs and OFP emission factor of gasoline vehicles 158
Fig. 4-37. Comparison of VOCs emission and OFP for 50% reduction of vehicle passage amount. 159
Fig. 4-38. Comparison of VOCs emission and OFP for RVP content changes 161
Fig. 4-39. Comparison of VOCs emission and OFP for aromatics content changes 162
Fig. 4-40. Comparison of VOCs emission and OFP for olefin content changes 162