표제지
ABSTRACT
목차
1. 서론 13
2. 문헌연구 16
2.1. Step feed system BNR 공정 16
2.2. 유기물 성상 분석 17
2.3. 생물학적 질소·인 제거 원리 21
2.3.1. 생물학적 질소 제거 원리 21
2.3.2. 생물학적 인 제거 원리 28
2.3.3. 인 제거공정에서 생화학적 원리 29
2.3.4. 인제거에서의 영향인자 33
2.3.5. DPAOs 미생물의 특징 35
2.4. Temperature coefficient 39
2.5. 미생물의 성장계수 40
2.6. 미생물 다양성 41
2.6.1. 탈인 미생물/탈인·탈질미생물 41
2.6.2. 미생물분석 방법 43
3. 실험방법 45
3.1. 5-stage Step feed system BNR 공정 45
3.1.1. Lab Scale(원수 유입: An, Ax-2) 45
3.1.2. Pilot plant 반응조(원수 유입: Pre-ax, An, Ax-2) 46
3.2. Batch test 50
3.2.1. PAOs 중 dPAOs 분율 50
3.2.2. 인의 용출율과 섭취율에 대한 온도의 영향 50
3.2.3. 질산화 미생물의 maximum specific growth rate coefficient 51
3.3. 원수 성상(원수 유입: Pre-ax, An,Ax-2) 52
3.4. 수질 분석 방법 55
3.5. 미생물 분석방법 56
3.5.1. Total Bacteria/Culturable Total Bacteria 수 측정 56
3.5.2. 순수 분리 및 탈질, 탈인능 분석 57
3.5.3. Total DNA Extraction과 Purification 57
3.5.4. PCR, Cloning 및 16S-rRNA Sequencing 58
3.5.5. Oligonucleotide probes 59
3.5.6. FISH 분석 및 Nucleotide sequence accession number 60
4. 연구결과 61
4.1. 유기물 원수 성상 분석 61
(가) Batch test with oxic condition 61
(나) Anaerobic조에서 소모된 SCOD를 이용한 방법 65
(다) 원수성상 분석결과(Ss)(이미지참조) 66
4.2. 원수유입이 Anaerobic/Anoxic-2조일 때의 Lab 반응조 운전결과 67
(가) 원수성상 및 운전조건 67
(나) 유기물 제거 69
(다) 질소 제거 70
(라) 인제거 72
4.3. 원수유입이 Pre-anoxic/Anaerobic/Anoxic-2조 일 때의 운전결과 76
4.3.1. Lab scale 운전결과 76
4.3.2. 항온(10℃) Lab 반응조 운전결과 82
4.3.3. Pilot plant 운전결과 85
4.3.4. Lab 및 Pilot plant 운전 결과 비교 93
4.3.5. Step feed system 특징 97
4.4. 온도 영향 102
4.4.1. 질소제거 102
4.4.2. 인 제거 105
4.4.3. 인 섭취 및 인 용출 108
4.4.4. 유기물 사용량 변화 112
4.5. DPAOs의 특징 113
4.5.1. PAOs 중의 dPAOs분율 113
4.5.2. 탈질기여 114
4.5.3. 산소 절감 효과 115
4.5.4. 탄소원 절감효과에 의한 추가적인 인제거 117
4.6. 미생물 분류 119
4.6.1. 미생물 분포수 119
4.6.2. FISH 결과 121
4.6.3. 16S-rRNA 123
4.7. Yield coefficient 127
4.7.1. Nitrifier maximum Specific Growth Rate Coefficient(μN,max)(이미지참조) 129
5. 결론 130
Reference 132
APPENDIX 143
1. GPS-X Simulation 144
2. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 167
Table 2.1. Influent wastewater fractions 18
Table 2.2. Analytical method of wastewater characteristic 19
Table 2.3. Oxygsn utilization, Biomass yield, and Alkalinity destruction coefficients acceptable for design of nitrification systems 24
Table 2.4. The heterotrophic microbial community structure of anoxic BNR activated sludge 25
Table 2.5. De-nitrification rate as carbon source(Randall, 1992) 27
Table 2.6. Classification of PAOs sludge based on its P released/uptake rate 32
Table 2.7. P release rate using acetate with/without nitrate 36
Table 2.8. The coefficients of temperature for BNR process 39
Table 3.1. Operating conditions of 5-stage BNR 46
Table 3.2. Operation condition in lab scale and pilot plant 47
Table 3.3. Definition of 5-stage BNR process 49
Table 3.4. Characteristics of influent wastewater 52
Table 3.5. Characteristics for influent wastewater IAWQ model type 54
Table 3.6. Probes used in FISH 59
Table 4.1. Characteristics of influent organic 64
Table 4.2. Characteristics of influent wastewater 68
Table 4.3. Operating condition of lab scale 68
Table 4.4. SCOD removal in lab scale 69
Table 4.5. SDNR in anoxic condition 72
Table 4.6. Results of SPRR and SPUR 74
Table 4.7. Operation results in lab scale 79
Table 4.8. Comparison of operating result with theoretical calculation 80
Table 4.9. Removal rate in 5-stage reactors 81
Table 4.10. Operation result (lab at 10℃) 84
Table 4.11. Removal rate in 5 stage reactors(10℃ lab) 84
Table 4.12. Operation result(pilot plant) 85
Table 4.13. Removal rate in 5 stage reactors(pilot plant) 86
Table 4.14. Removal efficiency in the pilot plant and lab scale 94
Table 4.15. Removal ratio in various operation condition(COD vs N, P) 95
Table 4.16. Result of step feed ratio 98
Table 4.17. P release and uptake rate in lab scale(10℃) and pilot plant 106
Table 4.18. Temperature effect of SPUR test in anoxic and oxic condition in batch test 110
Table 4.19. Proportions of major bacterial divisions in the anaerobic, anoxic-1, anoxic-2 and oxic-tank of the pilot plant sludge by FISH 121
Table 4.20. Summary of phylogenetic diversity of domain clones based on 16S-rRNA sequences identified by BLAST database 125
Table 4.21. SRT in pilot plant 127
Fig. 2.1. COD fraction of wastewater. 17
Fig. 2.2. Division of organic matter in IAWQ ASM No. 2 18
Fig. 2.3. OUR profile along with time in batch test under the oxic condition. 21
Fig. 2.4. Metabolism of the PAO process including glycogen and PHA cycles. 31
Fig. 2.5. Biochemical processes in the PAO metabolism. 31
Fig. 2.6. Example of efficient COD consumption by de-nitrifying PAOs. 38
Fig. 3.1. Schematic diagram of 5-stage BNR process with step feed system(Pilot/Lab). 48
Fig. 4.1. OUR and O.C rate in batch test. 62
Fig. 4.2. Substrate fraction of influent SCOD. 65
Fig. 4.3. Characteristics of influent organics. 66
Fig. 4.4. Relationship of ammonia loading between ammonia nitrification. 70
Fig. 4.5. SP concentrations in the influent and effluent. 73
Fig. 4.6. Result of SP removal in the lab scale. 81
Fig. 4.7. Operation of result COD in pilot plant 87
Fig. 4.8. Operation of result nitrogen removal in pilot plant. 90
Fig. 4.9. Operation of result SP removal in pilot plant. 92
Fig. 4.10. P content in wasting sludge(VSS). 93
Fig. 4.11. Removed SCOD for de-nitrification in anoxic-1, anoxic-2 stage. 96
Fig. 4.12. Summary of results with step feed ratio. 99
Fig. 4.13. MLSS concentration in Pilot plant. 100
Fig. 4.14. Temperature effect of nitrification efficiency. 103
Fig. 4.15. Effect of temperature on nitrogen removal. 104
Fig. 4.16. Temperature effect on P removal profile. 107
Fig. 4.17. Comparison of P release ration with respect to the temperature. 109
Fig. 4.18. Comparison of phosphate uptake rate with respect to the temperature in anoxic-1 and oxic reactors 112
Fig. 4.19. Comparison of consumed SCOD for de-nitrification and phosphate release with respect to the temperature. 113
Fig. 4.20. Phosphate uptake tests under oxic and anoxic conditions with the activated sludge. 114
Fig. 4.21. Temperature effect of dPAOs de-nitrification. 115
Fig. 4.22. Calculation of saved oxygen requirement in oxic tank. 117
Fig. 4.23. Calculation of additional P removal potential by the saved carbon due to the dPAOs usage. 118
Fig. 4.24. Total calls and PAOs in Anoix-1 activated sludge. 120
Fig. 4.25. Epifluorescence micrographs of the dominant dPAOs in the Anoxic-1 activated sludge. 120
Fig. 4.26. DAPI stain of activated sludge (left panel) and fluorescent in situ hybridization with TRITC labeled probe CF319a and HGC (right panel) for the same microscopic field (x400). 126
Fig. 4.27. Determination of μN,max in batch test.(이미지참조) 129