표제지
목차
I. 서론 12
II. 이론적 배경 18
2-1. 섬유보강 시멘트 모르타르 18
2-2. 시멘트 모르타르의 섬유보강 메카니즘 19
2-2-1. 연성매트릭스 19
2-2-2. 취성매트릭스 22
2-2-3. 복합재료의 혼합칙 24
2-2-4. 섬유간격설 26
2-2-5. 섬유보강 시멘트 모르타르의 강화칙 30
2-2-6. 섬유함량의 영향 30
2-2-7. 보강소재의 형태 31
2-2-8. 시멘트 복합재료용 보강섬유의 현황 31
2-3. 옥시플루오르화에 의한 고분자의 표면개질 37
2-3-1. F₂ 가스의 특징 37
2-3-2. 고분자의 표면 플루오르화 38
2-3-3. 직접 플루오르화의 열역학적 특성 43
2-3-4. 플루오르화의 속도론적 고찰 44
2-3-5. 플루오르화의 응용 46
2-3-5-1. Barrier Properties 46
2-3-5-2. Membrane Technologies 47
2-3-5-3. Adhesion 및 Printability Properties 48
2-3-5-4. Friction Coefficient 49
2-3-5-5. 난반사 Coating과 UV 투과율 감소 49
2-4. 고체 표연 젖음 특성 50
2-4-1. 고체 표면의 젖음 현상 50
2-4-2. 플루오르화된 고분자의 표면에너지 50
2-4-3. 고분자의 표연에너지 계산 54
2-4-3-1. Girifalco-Good-Fowkes-Young Method 54
2-4-3-2. Owens-Wendt-Geometric Mean Method 55
2-4-3-3. Wu-Harmonic Mean Method 55
III. 실험재료 및 방법 57
3-1. 실험재료 57
3-1-1. 폴리프로필렌 필름 및 섬유 57
3-1-2. 가스 58
3-1-3. 시멘트 58
3-1-4. 골재 58
3-1-5. 고성능 감수제 58
3-2. 옥시플루오르화 반응장치 60
3-3. 폴리프로필렌의 옥시플루오르화 62
3-4. 폴리프로필렌의 표면분석 65
3-4-1. 접촉각 측정 65
3-4-2. 표면에너지 계산 65
3-4-3. 기기분석 67
3-4-3-1. ATR(Attenuated Total Reflectance) Spectroscopy 68
3-4-3-2. XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) 68
3-5. 옥시플루오르화 처리된 폴리프로필렌 섬유를 보강섬유로 활용한 시멘트 모르타르 69
3-5-1. 시멘트 모르타르의 배합 및 비빔방법 69
3-5-1-1. 시멘트 모르타르의 배합 69
3-5-1-2. 모르타르의 비빔방법 70
3-5-2. 시멘트 모르타르의 시험방법 72
3-5-2-1. 굳지 않은 시멘트 모르타르의 시험 72
3-5-2-2. 시멘트 모르타르 공시체의 제조 72
3-5-2-3. 공시체의 물성 시험 72
IV. 결과 및 고찰 77
4-1. 옥시플루오르화 처리된 폴리프로필렌 필름의 표면 특성 77
4-1-1. 옥시플루오르화 처리된 폴리프로필렌 필름의 접촉각 77
4-1-2. 옥시플루오르화 처리된 폴리프로필렌 필름의 표면에너지 82
4-1-3. 옥시플루오르화 처리된 폴리프로필렌 필름의 표면 작용기 87
4-2. 옥시플루오르화 폴리프로필렌 섬유보강 시멘트 모르타르 95
4-2-1. 표준사 시멘트 모르타르 실험의 결과 및 분석 95
4-2-1-1. 굳기전 시멘트 모르타르의 물성 95
4-2-1-2. 시멘트 모르타르의 강도 특성 98
4-2-1-3. 시멘트 모르타르의 구조 103
4-2-2. 강모래 시멘트 모르타르 실험의 결과 및 분석 108
4-2-2-1. 굳지 않은 시멘트 모르타르의 물성 108
4-2-2-2. 경화된 시멘트 모르타르의 압축강도 특성 110
4-2-2-3. 경화된 시멘트 모르타르의 인장강도 특성 113
4-2-2-4. 경화된 시멘트 모르타르의 휨강도 특성 116
4-2-2-5. 경화된 공시체의 동결융해 저항성 119
4-2-2-6. 균열제어 효과 122
V. 결론 128
REFERENCES 130
ABSTRACT 138
Table 2-1. Physical Properties of Fluorine - A Comparison with Other Element. 39
Table 2-2. Electronegativities of the Halogens. 39
Table 2-3. Molecular Constants of the Halogens and Interhalogens. 41
Table 2-4. The Characteristics of C-X Vibration. 41
Table 2-5. Thermodynamic Data for Steps in Fluorination of CH₄ 45
Table 2-6. Thermodynamic Data for Steps in Fluorination of Double Bond. 45
Table 2-7. Thermodynamic Data for Fragmentation of C₂H6(이미지참조) 45
Table 3-1. Physical Properties of Polypropylene Films. 59
Table 3-2. Surface Tensions and Their Components for Liquids Tested. 59
Table 3-3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement. 59
Table 3-4. Physical Properties of Admixture 59
Table 3-5. Mix proportions of Cement Mortar Using Standard Sand. 71
Table 3-6. Mix proportions of Cement Mortar Using River Sand. 71
Table 4-1. Contact angle for water as functions of oxyfluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio on polypropylene film. 77
Table 4-2. Optimum Condition of Oxyfluorination for Improving Hydrophilicity of Polypropylene Film Surfaces. 80
Table 4-3. Representative Functional Groups for The Seven Component Peaks in The C1S Spectra of Oxyfluorinated Polypropylene and The Binding Energy Characteristics of Each Functional Group. 93
Table 4-4. Tensile Strengths of Untreated and Oxyfluorinated Polypropylene Fiber. 96
Table 4-5. Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber.(at 3 curing days) 100
Table 4-6. Flow Tests and Unit Weight Tests of Cement Mortar. 108
Table 4-7. Compressive Strengths of Cement Mortar by Addition of Polypropylene Fiber. 111
Table 4-8. Tensile Strengths of Cement Mortar by Addition of Polypropylene Fiber. 114
Table 4-9. Flexural Strengths of Cement Mortar by addition of Polypropylene Fiber. 116
Table 4-10. Test Results of Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Cement Mortar by Addition of polypropylene Fiber. 120
Table 4-11. Plastic Shrinkage Cracking Test Results of Cement Mortar by Addition of Polypropylene Fiber. 123
Fig. 2-1. Critical fiber length lc and fiber average stress σav.(이미지참조) 20
Fig. 2-2. Apportionment of tensile stress by short fiver reinforcing. 20
Fig. 2-3. The average fiber length from cracking section. 23
Fig. 2-4. Aligned fiber composite tested in uni axial tension. 23
Fig. 2-5. The application to the laws of mixture. 28
Fig. 2-6. Model of cracking restrain mechanism by fiber reinforcing. 28
Fig. 2-7. The relationship between steel wire spacing and strength ratio(Romualdi and Mandel). 29
Fig. 2-8. Effect of volume loading on compressive strength. 32
Fig. 2-9. Effect of volume loading of reinforcement on modulus of matrix. 33
Fig. 2-10. Comparison of cross-sectional dimensions for various fibers. 34
Fig. 2-11. Electron density distribution in fluorine molecule. 41
Fig. 2-12. Definition of wetting. 51
Fig. 2-13. Types of wetting. 51
Fig. 2-14. Determination of contact angle(θ). 52
Fig. 3-1. Schematic diagram of oxyfluorination reactor. 61
Fig. 3-2. Experimental procedure for oxyfluorination of polypropylene films. 64
Fig. 3-3. Contact angle meter(SEO 300A). 66
Fig. 3-4. Measurement of static contact angle for dropped water. 66
Fig. 4-1. Contact angle for water of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio when fluorination time is 5min. 78
Fig. 4-2. Contact angle for methylene iodide of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio when fluorination time is 5min. 79
Fig. 4-3. Contact angle of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination time when fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio are 0.8bar and 0.1 : 1 respectively. 81
Fig. 4-4. Polar surface energy of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio when fluorination time is 5min. 83
Fig. 4-5. Non-polar surface energy of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio when fluorination time is 5min. 84
Fig. 4-6. Total surface energy of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio when fluorination time is 5min. 85
Fig. 4-7. Surface energy of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination time when fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio are 0.8bar and 0.1 : 1 respectively. 86
Fig. 4-8. ATR-infrared spectra of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of fluorination time when fluorination pressure and F₂ : N₂-O₂ pressure ratio are 0.8bar and 0.1 : 1 respectively. 88
Fig. 4-9. F1S XPS spectrum of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of oxyfluorination time when oxyfluorination pressure is 0.8bar and F₂ : N₂-O₂=0.1 : 1. 90
Fig. 4-10. O1S XPS spectrum of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of oxyfluorination time when oxyfluorination pressure is 0.8bar and F₂ : N₂-O₂=0.1 : 1. 91
Fig. 4-11. C1S XPS spectrum of oxyfluorinated polypropylene as a function of oxyfluorination time when oxyfluorination pressure is 0.8bar and F₂ : N₂-O₂=0.1 : 1. 92
Fig. 4-12. Photograph for water droplet on untreated and oxyfluorinated PP film. 96
Fig. 4-13. Flow values of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibers. 97
Fig. 4-14. Unit weight of cement mortar and air content by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibers. 99
Fig. 4-15. (a) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber.(at 3 curing days) 100
Fig. 4-15. (b) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber.(at 7 curing days) 101
Fig. 4-15. (c) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber.(at 28 curing days) 101
Fig. 4-16. Tensile strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber at 28 curing days. 102
Fig. 4-17. SEM photographs of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fiber. 104
Fig. 4-18. SEM photographs of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fiber. 105
Fig. 4-19. EDX analysis of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fiber. 106
Fig. 4-20. Flow values of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibers. 109
Fig. 4-21. Air content values and Unit weight of cement mortar by addition of untreated and oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibers. 109
Fig. 4-22. (a) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber.(at 3 curing days) 111
Fig. 4-22. (b) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 7 curing days) 112
Fig. 4-22. (c) Compressive strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 28 curing days) 112
Fig. 4-23. (a) Tensile strengths of cement mortar by addition of fiber. (at 3 curing days) 114
Fig. 4-23. (b) Tensile strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 7 curing days) 115
Fig. 4-23. (c) Tensile strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 28 curing days) 115
Fig. 4-24. (a) Flexural strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 3 curing days) 117
Fig. 4-24. (b) Flexural strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 7 curing days) 117
Fig. 4-24. (c) Flexural strengths of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. (at 28 curing days) 118
Fig. 4-25. Freeze-Thaw Resistance test results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. 121
Fig. 4-26. Durability factor of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. 121
Fig. 4-27. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber. 123
Fig. 4-28. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar.(OPCM) 124
Fig. 4-29. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber(PP 0.1). 124
Fig. 4-30. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber (PP 0.125). 125
Fig. 4-31. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber(PP 0.15). 125
Fig. 4-32. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber(OFPP 0.1). 126
Fig. 4-33. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber(OFPP 0.125). 126
Fig. 4-34. Plastic shrinkage cracking results of cement mortar by addition of polypropylene fiber(OFPP 0.15). 127