Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
Nomenclature 11
Chapter 1. Introduction 14
1.1. Research Background 14
1.2. State of the Art and Purpose 16
Chapter 2. System Description 19
2.1. Description of CCS Chain 19
2.2. Carrier based CCS 21
Chapter 3. Methodology 22
3.1. Methodology of Optimization 22
3.2. Assumptions for CCS Chain 22
3.3. Variables 23
3.4. Objective Function and Constraints 24
3.5. Expected Result 25
Chapter 4. Formulation for each segment 26
4.1. Overview of Alternatives of Each Segment 26
4.2. Segment A : Onshore Transport to Segment B 28
4.3. Segment B : Liquefaction 29
4.4. Segment C : Intermediate Onshore Storage 38
4.5. Segment D : Transport 43
4.5.1. Hull Cost 43
4.5.2. Cost of Pressure Vessels 46
4.6. Segment E : Intermediate Offshore Storage and Injection Terminal 57
Chapter 5. Case Study and Result Analysis 60
5.1. Case Study with a Single Source and a Single Sink 60
5.2. Case Study with Multiple-Source-Multiple-Sink 63
5.2.1. Introduction of CCS in Korea 63
5.2.2. Result and Analysis 67
Chapter 6. Discussion and Conclusion 82
References 84
Appendices 87
Appendix 1. Assumptions for the system 87
Appendix 2. Result of transport logistics model at various design pressure 89
Appendix 3. Transport cost at various design pressure 95
Summary 102
Table 1. CCS market prediction 15
Table 2. Portion of CCS related technology investment 17
Table 3. Composition of captured CO2 29
Table 4. Specification of captured CO2 29
Table 5. CAPEX list of liquefaction segment 33
Table 6. OPEX list of liquefaction segment 34
Table 7. Target pressure and temperature for liquefaction 35
Table 8. CAPEX for liquefaction segment 36
Table 9. OPEX for liquefaction segment 37
Table 10. Total cost for liquefaction segment 38
Table 11. Design pressure for storage tank 39
Table 12. Typical insulation materials 42
Table 13. Cost rate parameters for 1% change 44
Table 14. Reference hull for CO2 carrier 44
Table 15. Type of pressure vessel 46
Table 16. Specification of pressure vessel material 46
Table 17. Adjustments for different materials of construction 48
Table 18. Comparison of various types of pressure vessel 55
Table 19. Effect of CO2 density 57
Table 20. Result of a single source and a single sink case 61
Table 21. Distance between sources 65
Table 22. Yearly CO2 throughput of each sources 65
Table 23. Location of multiple sinks 67
Table 24. Onshore transport cost between sources 68
Table 25. Result for Liquefaction plant location problem 69
Table 26. Cost of liquefaction plant 70
Table 27. Cost for intermediate onshore storage segment in a liquefaction plant location 71
Table 28. Types of CO2 carrier 72
Table 29. Design conditions for pressure vessel 73
Table 30. Cost of carrier of 100,000㎥ cargo volume 73
Table 31. Transport route 74
Table 32. Transport cost per carrier for each one way route 75
Table 33. Result of transport logistic model at 66 bar design pressure 76
Table 34. Transport cost at 66 bar design pressure 77
Table 35. Total cost for transport segment 78
Table 36. Total chain cost for 20 years 79
Figure 1. Energy-related CO2 emissions by region 14
Figure 2. Prediction of CO2 emission from IEA 15
Figure 3. Structure of BIGCCS 18
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of CCS chain 19
Figure 5. Transport costs against distance 21
Figure 6. Concept of CCS chain optimization problem 22
Figure 7. CO₂ P-T Diagram and Segment A 23
Figure 8. Expected result 25
Figure 9. Alternatives of Segment B 26
Figure 10. Alternatives of Segment D 27
Figure 11. Alternatives of Segment E 28
Figure 12. Saturation Line 30
Figure 13. Liquefaction process 31
Figure 14. Detailed liquefaction process 32
Figure 15. Liquefaction process modeling by HYSYS 32
Figure 16. Regression and surface interpolation of cost 35
Figure 17. Section of hemisphere head, cylindrical shell type Pressure vessel 38
Figure 18. Parameters of storage tank 40
Figure 19. Diagram of procedure to find CAPEX for Segment C 41
Figure 20. Shell of onshore intermediate storage vessel 41
Figure 21. Temperature range for low temperature pressure vessel 47
Figure 22. Insulation area in the hull 49
Figure 23. Cylindrical pressure vessels arrangement in carrier 51
Figure 24. Concept of multi-lobe pressure vessel 52
Figure 25. Section of multi-lobe pressure vessel 52
Figure 26. Concept of cellular pressure vessel 53
Figure 27. Section of cellular pressure vessel 54
Figure 28. Cost of various types of pressure vessels 56
Figure 29. Alternatives of segment E 58
Figure 30. Concept of Single Source and Single sink problem 60
Figure 31. Each segment cost in the case of single source and single sink 62
Figure 32. Total cost in the case of single source and single sink 62
Figure 33. Cost breakdown structiure for single source and single sink problem 63
Figure 34. Concept of multiple source and multiple sink 64
Figure 35. Distance between the sources 65
Figure 36. Yearly throughput of the sources 66
Figure 37. Onshore transport cost between the sources 68
Figure 38. Result of transport to liquefaction plant 69
Figure 39. Routes for case study 72
Figure 40. Each Segment cost for 20 years 80
Figure 41. Total chain cost for 20 years 80
Figure 42. Cost breakdown structure for multiple sources and multiple sinks problem 81
Figure 43. Multi-agent system for CCS chain 83