Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 20
Origin of the name "Water Deer" 20
Taxonomy of Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis) 21
Morphology 23
Population Genetic Studies 25
Purpose of this Thesis 27
CHAPTER I: Morphological studies of the Korean water deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus 28
Part I. Skull Growth of the Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus 28
INTRODUCTION 28
MATERIALS AND METHODS 31
RESULTS 38
DISCUSSION 62
Part II. Sexual Dimorphism of Craniomandibular Size in the Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus 67
INTRODUCTION 67
MATERIALS AND METHODS 70
RESULTS 76
DISCUSSION 92
Part III. Cranial Morphological Difference in Two Subspecies of Water Deer in China and Korea 95
INTRODUCTION 95
MATERIALS AND METHODS 100
RESULTS 108
DISCUSSION 125
CHAPTER II: Genetic Studies of the Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus 131
Part IV: Genetic Status and Population Structure of the Korean Water Deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus 131
INTRODUCTION 131
MATERIALS AND METHODS 134
RESULTS 139
DISCUSSION 149
GENERAL CONCLUSION 152
LITERATURES CITED 156
국문초록 172
SUPPLEMENT 179
Table 1. List of the cranium and mandible measurements of the... 34
Table 2. Information of each age group. 36
Table 3. Descriptive statistics and results of ANOVA test of the cranial variables in each sex and age groups... 39
Table 4. Descriptive statistics and results of ANOVA test of the mandibular variables in each sex and age... 46
Table 5. Principal components of the cranium which account for... 50
Table 6. Principal components of the mandible which account for... 52
Table 7. Results of the allometric analyses for each sex and comparisons of slopes and elevations between... 55
Table 8. List of cranial and mandibular measurements of the Korean... 73
Table 9. Descriptive statistics and results of comparison of cranial and mandubular variables in each sex of... 77
Table 10. Principal components of cranium which account for more... 82
Table 11. Principal components of the mandible which account for... 83
Table 12. Results of allometric analyses for each sex and comparisons of slopes and elevations between... 88
Table 13. The number and property of specimen in this study. 104
Table 14. Measurements of crania. Numbers correspond... 105
Table 15. Mean (in mm) ± standard deviation (SD) of measurements. 109
Table 16. Pairwise morphological distance matrix. 117
Table 17. Factor loading values for each measurements,... 118
Table 18. Result of discriminant analysis 121
Table 19. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b diversity of the Korean water deer in this study based on 1140... 141
Table 20. Sequence variations of the mtDNA cytochrome b region haplotypes in Korean water deer 142
Table 21. Descriptive statistics of the Korean water deer populations. 148
Fig. 1. Craniofacial measurements of the water deer used in this study. Abbreviations are given in Table 1. 37
Fig. 2. Skull of the Korean water deer. 45
Fig. 3. Two-dimensional scatter plots of the first and second... 53
Fig. 4. Biplots of TL and 5 traits which showed significant... 61
Fig. 5. Skull measurements of the Korean water deer used in this study. 75
Fig. 6. Two-dimensional plots of the first and second principal... 84
Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of DA1 scores by cDA (up) and mDA... 86
Fig. 8. Range map of water deer. 99
Fig. 9. Diagram of craniofacial measurements. 107
Fig. 10. Factor reduction analysis plots of male skulls (A) and... 114
Fig. 11. Discriminant analysis plot of Korean population (closed... 115
Fig. 12. Principal component analysis plot of male (A) and female... 116
Fig. 13. UPGMA clustering diagram of the Korean population and Chinese population. 123
Fig. 14. NJ clustering diagram of the Korean population and Chinese population. 124
Fig. 15. Collection sites for Korean water deer used in this study. 135
Fig. 16. Phylogenetic relationship among 3 populations of the... 146
Fig. 17. Bar plot (K = 1) from population structure analysis for... 147
Fig. 18. Growth pattern of TL (left Y-axis) and IB (right Y-axis).... 179
Fig. 19. Comparison of cranium size between male and female. M=... 181
Fig. 20. Growth pattern of MLA (left Y-axis) and GDFL (right Y-... 182
Fig. 21. Comparison of mandible size between male and female. 184