Title Page
Contents
ABSTRACT 9
I. INTRODUCTION 10
II. LITERATURE REVIEW & DEFINITIONS 14
1. Culture: Interpretation by Various Fields 14
1) Sociology 14
2) Anthropology 15
3) Philosophy 17
2. Culture: Interpretation by Geert Hofstede 19
1) What is Culture? 19
2) Levels and Layers of Culture: Cultural Manifestation 21
3) Levels and Layers of Culture: Social Group 24
4) National Culture 25
5) Nature of Culture 26
6) Cultural Differences by Region, Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, Generation and Social Class 28
3. Hofstede's 6 Dimensions of National Culture 30
1) Power Distance Index 32
2) Individualism vs. Collectivism 32
3) Masculinity vs. Femininity 33
4) Uncertainty Avoidance Index 34
5) Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation 34
6) Indulgence vs. Restraint 35
4. Limitations of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory 35
5. Glossary of Terms Regarding Gender 36
1) Gender vs. Sex 36
2) Gender Identity, Gender Expression, Sexual Orientation 40
3) Cisgender vs. Transgender or Gender Incongruence 41
6. Basic Human Rights 44
III. CASE STUDIES 49
1. Transgender Soldiers in Military 49
1) South Korea: Transgender Sergeant Byun's Forced Discharge from the Republic of Korea Army and Her Suicide 49
2) The United States: "All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform" Including Transgender Individuals 53
2. Transgender Students in Women's Universities 55
1) South Korea: Transgender Female Student Disclaims Admission to Sookmyung Women's University due to Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminism 55
2) United States: Increasing Numbers of Women's Universities Accepting Transgender Students 58
IV. ANALYSIS 59
1. Power Distance Index: Hierarchical South Korea vs. Egalitarian United States 60
2. Individualism vs. Collectivism: Collectivist South Korea vs. Individualist United States 63
3. Masculinity vs. Femininity: Feminine South Korea & Masculine United States 66
4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index: Uncertainty Avoiding South Korea vs. Uncertainty Tolerating United States 68
5. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation: Long-Term Oriented South Korea vs. Short-Term Oriented United States 70
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint: Restraint South Korea vs. Indulgent United States 75
V. CONCLUSION 77
1. Findings 77
2. Will Such Disparity of Social Acceptance of Transgender People in South Korea and the United States Continue? 80
3. Limitations 83
REFERENCE 84
Table 1.1. Nowadays Consensual Definition on Gender vs. Sex in Various Fields 39
Table 2.1. Nowadays Consensual Definition on Transgender in Various Fields 43
Table 3.1. Universal Basic Human Rights Aligned with Transgender Rights 47
Figure 1.1. Three Levels of Uniqueness in Mental Programming (Geert Hofstede) 21
Figure 2.1. The "Onion": Manifestations of Culture and Different Levels of Depth... 24
Figure 3.1. Hofstede's 6 Cultural Dimensions (Corporate Finance Institute) 32
Figure 4.1. South Korea vs. United States in Hofstede's 6 Dimensions of Culture... 60