Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction 14
1.1. Background 14
Ⅱ. Literature Review 16
2.1. Interactive System of Yoga 16
2.2. Visual Imagery for Engaging in Physical Activity 16
2.3. Yoga Pose Recognition System 18
Ⅲ. Interaction Design of Bytee 19
3.1. Analysis of Yoga Experience 19
3.1.1. Participants & Method 19
3.1.2. Results 19
3.1.3. Discussion 21
3.2. Design Feature 22
3.2.1. Feature A: Personalized Visual Feedback 22
3.2.2. Feature B: Visualization of Self-Monitoring 23
3.2.3. Feature C: Social Support with Visualization 24
Ⅳ. System Design of Bytee 25
4.1. Process Design 25
4.1.1. Progress Time & Poses 25
4.1.2. Involving a Professional Instructor: Select Main Joint & Angles 25
4.1.3. Involving a Preliminary User: Collect Angles 25
4.2. Prototype 26
4.2.1. Interface Design 26
4.3. Implementation 28
4.3.1. Architecture Flow 28
4.3.2. Pose Detection of MediaPipe 30
4.3.3. Rule-based System for Pose Evaluation 30
Ⅴ. Preliminary System Evaluation 31
5.1. Involving a Professional Instructors: Evaluation and Interview 31
5.2. Participants 31
5.3. Method & Process 31
5.4. Results & Discussion 32
Ⅵ. Preliminary Experiment 34
6.1. Participants & Method 34
6.2. Experimental Environment 35
6.3. Results & Discussion 35
Ⅶ. User Evaluation 36
7.1. Design of Experiments 36
7.2. Experimental Methodology 36
7.2.1. ARCS Motivational Model 36
7.2.2. Questionnaires 37
7.3. Recruitment 37
7.4. Participants 37
7.5. Procedure 38
7.5.1. Control Group 38
7.5.2. Bytee Group 41
Ⅷ. Results 45
8.1. Motivation for Yoga Practices through Bytee System 45
8.1.1. The Analysis of Attention Category 45
8.1.2. The Analysis of Relevance Category 46
8.1.3. The Analysis of Confidence Category 47
8.1.4. The Analysis of Satisfaction Category 47
8.1.5. Complementary Motivational Systems 48
8.2. Motivation for Yoga Practices through Visual Features of Bytee System 49
8.2.1. The Analysis of Feature A: Personalized Visual Feedback 49
8.2.2. The Analysis of Feature B: Visualization of Self-Monitoring 50
8.2.3. The Analysis of Feature C: Social Support with Visualization 51
8.3. System Evaluation 52
8.3.1. The Analysis of Yoga Satisfaction 52
8.3.2. The Analysis of System Satisfaction 53
Ⅸ. Discussion 54
9.1. The Value of Opportunity Factors to Encourage Yoga Practices at Home for Novice Trainees 54
9.2. Integrated System Design Based on Visual Imagery to Engage in Constant Yoga Practices 55
9.3. Improvement Motivation on Yoga Practices for Novice Trainees through Bytee 56
9.3.1. Potential Impacts of ARCS Model for Motivational Studies in HCI 56
9.3.2. Positive Impacts of Bytee to Encourage Personal Yoga Practices and Improve User Experience 57
Ⅹ. Conclusion 58
10.1. Conclusion 58
10.2. Limitations & Future Work 58
References 59
Appendices 65
Appendix A 65
Appendix B 66
Appendix C 68
Table 1. Major joints of each poses 26
Table 2. Final angles for each poses(scale: degree) 26
Table 3. Result of professionals interview for preliminary system evaluation 33
Table A.1. Interview questionnaire for system evaluation 65
Table B.1. Questions for user evaluation based on the ARCS model (5-points Likert-scale) 66
Table B.2. Questions for system evaluation (7-points Likert-scale) 67
Figure 1. Results of background information 19
Figure 2. Result for the difficulty of continuing to do yoga according to the initial plan 20
Figure 3. Result for motivational factors of doing yoga 21
Figure 4. Result for hindrance factors of doing yoga 21
Figure 5. feature A: Personalized Visual Feedback 22
Figure 6. feature B: Visualization of Self-Monitoring 23
Figure 7. feature C: Social Support with Visualization: a) day5 of P12, b) day10 of P8 24
Figure 8. Interface design: a) start page, b) login page, c) introduction page, d) workout progress page, e) reward page, and f) result image. 27
Figure 9. Architecture based on frontend and backend as a service model 28
Figure 10. The frame processing steps of Bytee 29
Figure 11. Google MediaPipe 30
Figure 12. Tow professionals for preliminary system evaluation: a) expert1, b) expert2 31
Figure 13. Three participants for preliminary experiment 34
Figure 14. Diagram of experimental design 36
Figure 15. Flow diagram of experimental design 38
Figure 16. Screenshots of doing yoga using YouTube in the control group: (clockwise) P19, P18, P22, P23, P24, P21 40
Figure 17. Screenshots of participants' workout progress: (clockwise) P10, P12, P8, P3, P5, P6, P7 42
Figure 18. Screenshots of result image including participants' workout result: (top to bottom) P8, P9, P13 43
Figure 19. Screenshots of participants' social media pages regarding result image and reactions: a) feed page (left to right) P6, P2, P14, b) post page of P13, c) comment page (left to right) P9, P12, P8, P10, P13 44
Figure 20. Results of motivation for yoga practices using Bytee system 45
Figure 21. Result of attention category 46
Figure 22. Result of relevance category 46
Figure 23. Result of confidence category 47
Figure 24. Result of satisfaction category 48
Figure 25. Result for the change of 3 visual features during the experiment period 49
Figure 26. Result of system evaluation 52
Figure 1. Recruitment announcement for user evaluation 68
Figure 2. Guidance on features of Bytee 69
Figure 3. Guidance on the nine postures 70