본고는 외래농업기술의 수용에 따라 재래의 기술, 조직, 지역이 어떻게 변화하였는
가를 검토한 것이다. 재래기술은 외래 신기술의 급속한 도입에 따라 조방기술에서 집
약기술로 변화하였다. 그러나 특정의 용수 부족지역에서는 일종의 내한도작법(耐旱
?作法)으로서 입지 생태적인 합리성을 가지면서 잔존하였다.
외래기술은 필연적으로 화폐지출의 증대를 가져와 조선농촌내부의 상품경제화라
른 객관적인 조건을 성숙시켜 갔다. 상품경제의 발달에 따라 노동을 화폐비용화하는
계산 방식도 보편화됨에 따라 두레와 같은 전통적인 공동조직은 해체되어간 반면 고
지(雇只)와 같은 새로운 노동조직도 출현하게 되었다. 등가 교환원칙이 관철되어 갔
던 품앗이 같은 임의적인 공동노동조직은 장기간 광범위하게 존속되었다.
이들의 변화는 지주ㆍ소작관계를 매개로 지주 특히 일본인 지주를 통하여 기술을
향상시켜 일본으로의 미곡을 이출시킨 메커니즘을 통하여 수행되었다. 이 과정은 조
선농민을 궁핍화시키고 다른 한편 일본제국주의의 경제적 이해를 종속시키는 것이
었다.This presentation focuses on how foreign agricultural techniques were accepted during the
modernization process in Korea at the end of Joseon dynasty and in the Japanese colonial
period. More specifically, it shows three aspects; their disciplinary realms, technical changes,
and regions, examining whether foreign techniques and traditional ones were fused to coexist,
or feuded and conflicted. The result is as follows.
First, western agricultural techniques were introduced in Korea through China in 1830s at
first, but the regular and experimental agriculture were accepted through Japan from 1880s.
An agricultural experiment and research institute was established by Joseon government, but
the result was meager because of its poor management.
Second, during the Japanese colonial period, Korea’s native rice species were rapidly
driven away and their production bases were collapsed because of speedy spread, exchanges,
and unification of Japanese Sudo species.
Third, Gunsan port shows that rice production in Korean peninsula in the colonial period
had been done through the following mechanisms; compulsive spread of agricultural
techniques, increase in rice production, and rice export to Japan, all the processes of which
were done through Japanese landlords. Gunsan port was built not for the organic development
of Korean peninsula but for strengthening the Japan’s imperialistic division system which used
Gunsan as its hinterland producing rice for Japan.
Therefore, the substitution of agricultural techniques resulted in the extinction of Korean
native agricultural techniques and the destruction of peasants’ desire to develop new
techniques. After liberation in 1945, lack of desire to develop new techniques and the subjecthood for the technique development were represented again through the spread process
of Tongil rice species during Saemaeul movement in Korea in 1970.