Cyber operation cases in modern war show that cyber operation is combined with operations in physical space for the common objective. This trend will become more emerging in future wars. This paper demonstrates such cyberwarfare development trend by analyzing cyber operation cases, including the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war. Primarily, we apply the novel classification and comparison tool, OpTEAL cube, which reflects the operation level, target effect, and action layer of the cyber operations to classify their characteristic.
While cyberwarfare was not considered a military option in traditional hybrid warfare, it has changed. We suggest establishing the military art system of cyber operations for joint operations integrated with physical military operations.
We hope this paper stimulates research on cyberwarfare in the aspect of the art of war.