[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
표목차
그림목차
칼라
목차
제1장 서론 19
제1절 연구배경 19
1. 국내·외 현황 19
2. 필요성 20
제2절 연구목적 및 내용 22
제2장 상향류식 혐기성 처리공법의 특징 23
제1절 혐기성 처리공정의 개요 23
1. 가수분해 23
2. 산발효 23
3. 메탄발효 24
4. 혐기성 공정의 동력학 25
5. 메탄발효에 미치는 영향 인자 31
제2절 DW-PROCESS의 기본원리 38
제3절 주요장치 특성 39
1. 형태 39
2. 유입수 분배장치 39
3. 가스 편류 장치 (Gas Deflection System) 41
4. 가스 분리 장치 (Gas Solid Separator, GSS) 41
5. 침전부 44
6. 처리수 유출 장치 44
제4절 반응조 운전 특성 45
1. 반응조 초기운전 45
2. 슬러지 입상화 47
3. 슬러지 유실 58
제3장 실험 재료 및 방법 61
제1절 시유의 생산공정 및 폐수처리 공정 61
1. 생산 공정 61
2. 폐수처리 공정 62
3. 유가공 폐수의 성상 분석 62
제2절 유가공폐수의 처리도 실험 66
1. 실험장치 66
2. 합성폐수 및 실폐수의 성상 66
3. 식종슬러지 및 슬러지 활성도 조사 67
4. 운전방법 70
5. 분석 72
제3절 3.3 m 반응조를 이용한 실증실험 73
1. 연구 배경 73
2. 3.3 m Pilot 규모 상향류식 혐기성 반응조 73
3. Pilot 규모 상향류식 혐기성 반응조의 흐름도 75
4. 식종슬러지 76
5. 인공폐수 77
6. 수리학적 특성 조사:RTD(Retention Time Distribution) 실험 77
제4절 저해인자의 영향 및 영양물질에 관한 실험 81
1. 회분식 실험 81
2. 연속식 실험 82
3. 분석방법 83
제5절 10톤급 DW-process를 이용한 실증실험 84
1. 장치 구성 84
2. 10톤급 DW-process에서 주반응조의 형태 89
3. 유입 폐수의 성상 89
4. 식종 슬러지 90
5. 실험방법 91
6. 반응조내 미생물의 고찰 92
7. 전·후처리 SYSTEM 93
제6절 Serum Bottle을 이용한 Lab실험 96
제4장 결과 및 고찰 98
제1절 유가공폐수 처리도 실험 98
1. 중온반응조 98
2. 상온반응조 106
제2절 3.3 m 반응조를 이용한 실증실험 108
1. 실험실규모의 비교실험 108
2. 3.3 m pilot 규모 반응조 운전 110
제3절 저해인자의 영향 및 영양물질에 관한 실험 123
1. 회분식 실험 123
2. 실험실 규모의 연속식 실험 132
제4절 10㎥ 급 DW-process를 이용한 실증실험 145
1. 유기부하량 및 HRT의 변화 145
2. pH 145
3. 순수 알카리도 148
4. 휘발성 유기산 148
5. COD농도와 제거율 150
6. 입상슬러지 151
7. 슬러지유실(Wash-out) 161
8. Sludge Volume Index(SVI, mL/g) 162
9. 가스발생량과 메탄함유율 165
10. 유기부하량 변화에 따른 가스발생량과의 상관관계 169
제5절 Serum Bottle을 이용한 Lab 실험 170
제5장 결론 178
참고문헌 181
Table 2.1. Conversion of ethanol to methane 25
Table 2.2. Conversion of propionate and butyrate to methane 27
Table 2.3. Number of nozzles on various sludge in the reactor 40
Table 2.4. Theoretical bacteria uptake rate and optimum COD/N/P ratio in anaerobic digestion 51
Table 2.5. Microbial composition characteristics of granular sludge by SEM 56
Table 2.6. Physical properties of granular sludge grown on various wastewaters 57
Table 2.7. Chemical composition of various granular methanogenic sludges 57
Table 2.8. Elemental composition of the sludges as determined by electron dispersive X-ray analysis 58
Table 3.1. Characteristics of milk wastewater 64
Table 3.2. Characteristics of synthetic milk wastewater 66
Table 3.3. SBT conditions to test sludge activity 68
Table 3.4. MSM solution(per 1 litre) 69
Table 3.5. Concentration of nutrients, trace elements, and alkalinity 77
Table 3.6. Methods of analysis and apparatus 83
Table 3.7. Composition of basal nutrients and trace metals 90
Table 3.8. Methods of analysis 92
Table 3.9. Specification of pre, post-treatment system 94
Table 4.1. Operation result of upflow anaerobic reactor 112
Table 4.2. Test conditions of RTD 118
Table 4.3. Hydraulic mechanical characteristics of sludge bed with superficial gas velocity (Tilche and Vieira, 1991) 120
Table 4.4. Comparison of operation result in lab & pilot scale reactor 122
Table 4.5. Composition of sample at 1st bottle test 125
Table 4.6. Characteristics of inf.& effuent on mixture composition of milk wastewater (1st bottle test) 125
Table 4.7. Composition of sample at 2nd bottle test 129
Table 4.8. Composition of trace metal solution 130
Table 4.9. Characteristics of inf.& effluent being included CaCl₂, trace metal (2nd bottle test) 130
Table 4.10. Characteristics of artificial milk wastewater on HRT variation 134
Table 4.11. Characteristics of milk wastewater on HRT variation 140
Table 4.12. Characteristics of cheese wastewater treatment on HRT variation and adding NH₄Cl 144
Table 4.13. TSS and VSS concentration washed out on operation time 162
Table 4.14. Sludge Volume Index 165
Table 4.15. VSS concentration of seeding sludge and quantity of influent wastewater 170
Table 4.16. Characteristics of milk wastewater treatment on pH variation 171
Table 4.17. Characteristics of milk wastewater treatment on pH variation 171
Fig 2.1. Effect of partial pressure on free energy 29
Fig.2.2. Three stages of methanogenesis 30
Fig.2.3. Schematic diagram of pH buffers and buffer intensity curve 33
Fig.2.4. Relation between pH and bicarbonate concentration near 35℃ 35
Fig.2.5. Examples of gas deflectors in upflow anaerobic reactors 42
Fig.2.6. Types of gas-solid seperator 42
Fig.2.7. Upflow anaerobic reactor with an increasing section area 43
Fig.2.8. Examples of effluent with drawal systems 43
Fig.2.9. Development of sludge concentration and OLR 48
Fig.2.10. Schematic diagram of the development of type a granule 48
Fig.2.11. Sludge profile over three reactor height being ralated to sludge wash-out 59
Fig.3.1. Process of milk production 61
Fig.3.2. Milk wastewater treatment process 63
Fig.3.3. Upflow anaerobic reactor used in this test 67
Fig.3.4. Schematic diagram of serum bottle test 69
Fig.3.5. Flow diagram of serum bottle test 70
Fig.3.6. Influent concentration & quantity in 35℃ reactor 71
Fig.3.7. Influent concentration & quantity in room temperature 71
Fig.3.8. Pilot scale reactor 74
Fig.3.9. Picture of pilot scale reactor 74
Fig.3.10. Flow diagram of pilot scale reactor 76
Fig.3.11. Response F-curve of up-step injection 78
Fig.3.12. (a) 10㎥ plant lay out (b) Photpgraphs of 10㎥ plant 86
Fig.3.13. Schematic flow diagram of 10㎥ plant 87
Fig.3.14. Schematic diagram of main reactor in DW-PROCESS 88
Fig.4.1. Variation of COD removal rate and gas production rate(35℃) 99
Fig.4.2. Biodegradability test result of Yonsei milk wastewater 100
Fig.4.3. Biodegradability test result of ice cream wastewater 101
Fig.4.4. Variation of volumetric loading rate and concentration(35℃) 102
Fig.4.5. Variation of specific methanogenic activity in incubation time 103
Fig.4.6. Biodegradability test result of artificial milk wastewater(20℃) 103
Fig.4.7. Result of continuous operation of upflow anaerobic reactor(20℃) 104
Fig.4.8. Variation of solid concentration by increasing volumetric lading rate(20℃) 104
Fig.4.9. Variation of sepecific methanogenic activity in incubation time(20℃) 105
Fig.4.10. Biodegradablilty test result of artificial milk wastewater(35℃) 105
Fig.4.11. IT-type GSS device in lab scale reactor 108
Fig.4.12. Comparison of test result(conventional upflow anaerobic and IT-type reactor) 109
Fig.4.13. Variation of COD removal rate in pilot scale reactor 111
Fig.4.14. Relationship between effluent insoluble COD and VSS concentration 112
Fig.4.15. Sludge distribution by reactor height 114
Fig.4.16. Variation of blanket and effluent VSS concentration by specific gas production rate 115
Fig.4.17. COD distribution by reactor height 115
Fig.4.18. Variation of specific methanogenic activity on operation time 117
Fig.4.19(a) Result of 1st RTD test (HRT=11.7hrs, INF. COD=2,150mg/L, VLR=4.4kg COD/㎥. day) 119
Fig.4.19(b) Result of 2nd RTD test (HRT=7.38hrs, INF. COD=3,645mg/L, VLR=11.8kg COD/㎥. day) 119
Fig.4.20. Schematic flow model of upflow anaerobic reactor 121
Fig.4.21. Characteristics of milk wastewater on OLR variation 126
Fig.4.22. Characteristics of milk wastewater on dilution variation 126
Fig.4.23. Characteristics of milk wastewater on variation of adding Ca++(이미지참조) ion 131
Fig.4.24. Characteristics of milk wastewater on variation of adding trace metals 131
Fig.4.25. Characteristics of artificial milk wastewater on HRT variation(gas production rate and OLR) 133
Fig.4.26. Characteristics of artificial milk wastewater on HRT variation(INF.& EFF. COD and COD removal rate) 133
Fig.4.27. Characteristics of milk wastewater on variation of adding trace metals and Ca++(이미지참조) ion(gas production rate and OLR) 141
Fig.4.28. Characteristics of milk wastewater on variation of adding trace metals and Ca++(이미지참조) ion(INF.& EFF. COD and COD removal rate) 141
Fig.4.29. Characteristics of cheese wastewater on variation of adding NH₄Cl and HRT (gas production rate and OLR) 142
Fig.4.30. Characteristics of cheese wastewater(INF.& EFF. COD and COD removal rate (Reactor 1)) 142
Fig.4.31. Characteristics of cheese wastewater on variation of adding NH₄Cl(INF.& EFF. COD and COD removal rate (Reactor 2)) 143
Fig.4.32. Characteristics of cheese wastewater on HRT variation(INF.& EFF. COD and COD removal rate (Reactor 3)) 143
Fig.4.33. Organic loading rate and HRT on operation time 146
Fig.4.34. pH being measured for raw wastewater on operation time 146
Fig.4.35. pH being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 147
Fig.4.36. Total alkalinity being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 147
Fig.4.37. Bicarbonate alkalinity being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 149
Fig.4.38. Total volatile acids being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 149
Fig.4.39. TVA/ALK being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 150
Fig.4.40. SCOD and TVA being measured for Influent on operation time 152
Fig.4.41. COD being measured for raw wastewater on operation time 152
Fig.4.42. COD being measured for influent and effluent on operation 153
Fig.4.43. COD removal rate on operation time 153
Fig.4.44.(a) Photographs(SEM 1) of granular sludge 155
(b) Photographs(SEM 2) of granular sludge 156
Fig.4.45.(a) Photographs(SEM 3) of granular sludge 157
(b) Photographs(SEM 4) of granular sludge 158
Fig.4.46.(a) Photographs(TEM 1) of granular sludge 159
(b) Photographs (TEM 2) of granular sludge 160
Fig.4.47. Total solids being measured for influent and effluent on operation 163
Fig.4.48. TSS being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 163
Fig.4.49. Volatile solids being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 164
Fig.4.50. VSS being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 164
Fig.4.51. % of TS being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 166
Fig.4.52. % of TSS being measured for influent and effluent on operation time 166
Fig.4.53. OLR and gas production on operation time 167
Fig.4.54. Relationship between methane content and gas production 167
Fig.4.55. Relationship between OLR and gas production 168
Fig.4.56. Relationship between COD removed and gas production 168
Fig.4.57. Cumulative gas production on operation time(pH 6.5∼8.0:digested sludge) 172
Fig.4.58. Cumulative gas production on operation time(pH 8.5∼10.0:digested sludge) 172
Fig.4.59. Cumulative gas production on operation time(pH 6.5∼8.0:granular sludge) 173
Fig.4.60. Cumulative gas production on operation time(pH 8.5∼10.0:granular sludge) 173
Fig.4.61. Relationship between cumulative gas production and pH (digested sludge - 10day) 175
Fig.4.62. Relationship between cumulative gas production and pH (digested sludge - 40day) 175
Fig.4.63. Relationship between cumulative gas production and pH (granular sludge - 4day) 176
Fig.4.64. Relationship between cumulative gas production and pH (digested sludge - 40day) 176