[표제지 등]
제출문
요약문
SUMMARY
List of Table
List of Figure
칼라
목차
제1장 서론 39
제1절 연구개발의 필요성 39
제2절 연구개발목표 40
제3절 한국-중국 공동해양조사 협력 40
1. 한국-중국 공동해양조사 기본원칙 40
2. 공동조사 합의 및 실천계획 협의 41
3. 한국-중국 공동해양조사 실시 41
제4절 연구 내용 및 범위 42
1. 위성추적부이에 의한 해류관측 42
2. 해류계에 의한 해류관측 42
3. 해수순환 수치모델 검토 및 평가 42
4. 황해의 기본해수순환 평가 43
제5절 해류조사성과 43
1. 인공위성추적부이 실험 43
2. 해류계 계류에 의한 해류관측 44
3. 조사선 장착 ADCP 유속관측 44
제6절 연구발표성과 46
1. 국내외 논문 발표 46
2. 국내외 논문 게제 및 투고 46
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 49
제1절 황해 해수순환 및 해류의 연구동향 49
제2절 황해의 해수순환 연구현황 50
제3절 해석 및 수치모델에 의한 연구현황 50
제4절 황해난류 51
제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 53
제1절 위성추적부이 실험에 의한 해류조사 53
1. 실험 개요 53
2. 1차년도 실험 54
3. 2차년도 실험 56
가. 동계실험 56
나. 초하계 실험 59
다. 하계실험 60
4. 3차년도 실험 64
가. 추계실험 64
나. 춘계실험 66
다. 하계실험 67
5. 위성추적부이 궤적으로부터 산정한 황해의 조류특성 68
가. 개요 68
나. 자료 69
다. 방법 70
(1) 장주기 성분(해류) 71
(2) 단주기 성분(조류) 72
라. 방법 검증 73
마. 결과 75
6. 황해의 계절별 해류분포도 75
가. 자료 및 처리방법 75
나. 계절별 해류도 76
(1) 일평균 해류도 76
(2) 겨울철 해류도 77
(3) 여름철 해류도 77
제2절 해류계에 의한 해류조사 성과 106
1. 해류계 계류시스템의 분석 및 해저계류장치의 개발 106
가. 해류계 계류시스템의 분석 106
나. 해저계류장치의 개조 및 개발 107
(1) 기본구조 107
(2) 개조 108
(3) 새로운 설계 108
2. 기존 해류자료의 수집 및 분석 109
가. 자료수집 109
나. 자료분석 110
(1) 한국해양연구소 자료 110
(2) 미국 Florida 대학교 자료 111
3. 해류계 계류에 의한 해류조사 성과 112
가. 조사개요 112
나. 조사성과 113
(1) 1차년도 113
(2) 2차년도 114
(3) 3차년도 115
다. 결과분석 116
(1) 1차년도 116
(2) 2차년도 117
(3) 3차년도 118
4. 결론 119
제3절 조사선 장착 ADCP에 의한 해류조사 142
1. 조사 개요 142
2. 자료검정과 조류제거 143
가. 자료검정 143
나. 조류제거 144
(1) 조석수치모델을 이용한 방법 144
(2) 조화함수를 최소자승법으로 구하는 방법 145
3. 결과분석 146
가. 1996년 4월 146
나. 1997년 2월 146
다. 1997년 6월 147
라. 1997년 11월 147
마. 1998년 4월 147
4. 결론 147
제4절 황해(서해)의 오염역학모델링의 방향 210
1. 서론 212
2. 대륙붕상에서 플러싱 미케니즘 213
3. 모델방향 213
가. 하구 및 연안 규모 214
나. 중간규모 214
다. 황해규모 214
라. 다양한 플러싱 미케니즘의 크기 215
마. 결어 217
첨부:황해에서 물질의 평균지체시간 추정 218
제5절 황해 해수순환 기초예측모형 234
1. 해수순환모형 정립을 위한 역사자료정리 234
가. 서론 234
나. 누년 월평균 T. S자료의 GPV dataset 235
다. 월평균해면 dataset 236
라. 지오이드와 조석모형 dataset 236
마. 중간검토 238
2. 황해 성층해양 조석·조류 및 동계 밀도기인 흐름 모델링 239
가. 개요 239
나. 성층 황해 조류 예측 시스템 구축을 위한 2층류 모델 연구 240
(1) 지배 방정식 및 수치계산 240
(2) 수치계산 240
(3) 2층류 Energetics 241
다. 동계 밀도기인 흐름 모델링 242
3. 황해 해수순환모델 검토 248
가. 서론 248
나. 순환모델 검토 249
(1) 역풍류/연안류 해석모델과 수치모델 249
(2) 조석혼합에 의한 지형류조절 해석모델과 수치모델 250
(3) 조석항류 수치모델 251
(4) 풍성순환 수치모델 252
(5) 밀도성층 순환모델 252
다. 정확도 높은 새로운 황해순환 수치모델의 구성 254
(1) 모델해양의 광역성 254
(2) 자유수면의 계산 254
(3) 적절한 난류확산방안과 조석효과의 도입 254
(4) 해저지형특성 모델 근사화의 정밀도 향상 254
(5) 심해 해양특성의 모사 255
제6절 해류자료에 의한 황해의 해수순환 평가 275
1. 서론 276
2. 개념적 순환 278
3. 해석 및 수치순환모델 279
가. 순압모델 279
나. 경압모델 280
4. 황해난류 281
가. 검토 281
나. 해류관측 282
5. 양자강 희석수 284
가. 검토 284
나. 해류관측 284
6. 계절순환 285
가. 동계순환 285
나. 하계순환 286
7. 결론 287
제7절 토의 및 결론 296
1. 황해 수온구조 변동 연구에 대한 평가 296
2. 황해의 기본해류구조 301
3. 제주난류의 계절변동 302
4. 황해해양환경 조절자로서 황해 해류의 역할 302
5. 오염된 황해의 바닷물은 어디로 흘러갈까 304
6. 앞으로의 해류구조 및 해수순환 연구 방향 305
가. 황해의 해양구조와 해수순환 305
나. 해류자료 및 해상기상자료의 한계 305
다. 향후 연구방향 306
(1) 조석전선역에서 해양구조 306
(2) 황해남부역에서 해양구조 306
(3) 해상기상에 대한 황해반응 306
(4) 해류역학 연구 및 수치모형의 개발 307
제4장 연구개발목표 달성도 및 대외기여도 313
제1절 한-중 공동해양협력 313
제2절 위성추적부이에 의한 해류관측 313
제3절 해류계에 의한 해류관측 및 신관측기법개발 314
1. 조사선 장착 ADCP 314
2. 해류계 계류 및 해저계류장치의 개발 314
제4절 황해의 기본해류구조 및 해수순환시스템 315
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 317
제1절 추가연구의 필요성 317
제2절 타 연구에의 응용 317
제3절 기업화 추진방안 318
제6장 참고문헌 319
부록 329
부록 1. 연구참여자의 연구발표 초록 331
부록 2. 연구사업 관련 일간지 게제 기사 344
[title page etc.]
Contents
Chapter I. Introduction 39
1. Necessity of the study 39
2. Goal of the study 40
3. Korea-China joint survey 40
a. Basic direction 40
b. Agreement and action plans 41
c. Joint surveys 41
4. Contents and scope of the study 42
a. Current measurements by satellite-tracked drifters 42
b. Current measurements by current meters 42
c. Review and assessment of numerical models 42
d. Review of Yellow Sea basic circulation 43
5. Results of current observations 43
a. Drifter experiment 43
b. Current observations by moored current meters 44
c. Current observations by ship mounted ADCP 44
6. Presentation and publication of articles 46
a. Presentation 46
b. Written articles 46
Chapter II. Research Status 49
1. Research trend of Yellow Sea circulation and current study 49
2. Research status of Yellow Sea circulation study 50
3. Research status of analytical and numerical study 50
4. Yellow Sea Warm Current 51
Chapter III. Contents and Results of the Study 53
1. Current measurements by satellite-tracked drifters 53
a. Outline of drifter experiments 53
b. First-year experiment 54
c. Second-year experiment 56
(1) Winter experiment 56
(2) Early summer experiment 59
(3) Summer experiment 60
d. Third-year experiment 64
(1) Autumn experiment 64
(2) Spring experiment 66
(3) Summer experiment 67
e. Estimation of major tidal current ellipses from drifter trajectories 68
(1) Introduction 68
(2) Data 69
(3) Method 70
(a) Lew frequency 71
(b) High frequency 72
(4) Evaluation for method 73
(5) Result 75
f. Seasonal currents fields in the Yellow Sea 75
(1) Data and analysis 75
(2) Seasonal currents field 76
(a) Daily mean currents 76
(b) Daily mean currents in winter 77
(c) Daily mean currents in summer 77
2. Current measurements by current meter moorings 106
a. Analysis of mooring methods and development of a bottom-mounting system 106
(1) Analysis of mooring methods 106
(2) Improvement and development of a bottom-mounting system 107
(a) Basic structure 107
(b) Improvement 108
(c) New design 108
b. Collection of historical current data and analysis 109
(1) Data collection 109
(2) Data analysis 110
(a) KORDI data 110
(b) USA data 111
c. Current measurements by current meters 112
(1) Outline 112
(2) Results 113
(a) First year 113
(b) Second year 114
(c) Third year 115
(3) Analysis of current data 116
(a) First year 116
(b) Second year 117
(c) Third year 118
d. Conclusions 119
3. Current measurements using a ship-mounted ADCP 142
a. Introduction 142
b. Qualitification and detide 143
(1) Qualitification 143
(2) Detide 144
(a) Method using a numerical model 144
(b) Method using a spatial interpolating function 145
c. Results 146
(1) April 1996 146
(2) February 1997 146
(3) June 1997 147
(4) November 1997 147
(5) April 1998 147
d. Conclusion 147
4. A Direction for modeling pollution dynamics of the Yellow Sea 210
a. Introduction 212
b. Mechanisms for the flushing of the shelf 213
c. Modeling direction 213
(1) Estuarine and coastal scale 214
(2) Intermediate scale 214
(3) Shelf basin scale 214
(4) Magnitude of various flushing mechanisms 215
(5) Concluding remarks 217
Appendix: Estimates of turn-over times of the Yellow Sea Shelf 218
5. Study on the preliminary ocean prediction model for the Yellow Sea circulation 234
a. Arrangement of the historical data for ocean circulation numerical model set-up 234
(1) Introduction 234
(2) GPV dataset of long-term monthly mean T & S data 235
(3) Monthly mean sea level dataset 236
(4) dataset for the geoid and tide model 236
(5) Review 238
b. Tide and tidal current of the Yellow Sea in stratified case and modeling the buoyancy currents in winter season 239
(1) Outline 239
(2) Two layer model study for construction of the Yellow Sea tidal prediction system in stratified case 240
(a) Governing equation and numerical computation 240
(b) Numerical computation 240
(c) Two layer flow energetics 241
(3) Modeling of the buoyancy currents in winter season 242
c. A Review of the Yellow Sea circulation model 248
(1) Introduction 248
(2) Review of the circulation model 249
(a) Analytical and numerical models for the upwind/downwind current 249
(b) Analytical and numerical models for the geostrophic adjustment process by the tidal mixing 250
(c) Numerical models for the tidal residual current 251
(d) Numerical models for the wind-driven circulation 252
(e) Numerical models for the density-stratified ocean 252
(3) A new design for the construction of the precise numerical circulation model in the Yellow Sea 254
(a) Domain of the model ocean 254
(b) Free surface calculation 254
(c) Adoption of the turbulence closure scheme and tidal effect 254
(d) Better approximation of the bottom topography 254
(e) Simulation for the characteristics of the deep sea circulation 255
6. On the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea circulation: a review by current measurements 275
a. Introduction 276
b. Conceptual circulation 278
c. Analytical and numerical circulation models 279
(1) Barotropic models 279
(2) Baroclinic models 280
d. Yellow Sea Warm Current 281
(1) Review 281
(2) Current measurements 282
e. Changjiang diluted water 284
(1) Review 284
(2) Current measurements 284
f. Seasonal circulations 285
(1) Winter circulation 285
(2) Summer circulation 286
g. Conclusions 287
7. Discussion and conclusions 296
a. Comments on "a parametric model for the Yellow Sea thermal variability" 296
b. Basic current structure in the Yellow Sea 301
c. Seasonal variation of Cheju Warm Current 302
d. Role of Yellow Sea current as a regulator of ocean environments 302
e. Where does polluted Yellow Sea water flow out? 304
f. Research direction for current dynamics and circulation of the Yellow Sea 305
(1) Current structure and circulation of the Yellow Sea 305
(2) Limit of current and meteorological data 305
(3) Research direction 306
(a) Oceanographic structure in tidal fronts 306
(b) Oceanographic structure in the southern Yellow Sea 306
(c) Ocean response to atmospheric forcings 306
(d) Current dynamics and numerical model for transport 307
Chapter IV. Achievement of the Study Goal 313
1. Korea-China joint surveys 313
2. Current measurements by satellite-tracked drifters 313
3. Current measurements by current meters and new technology 314
a. Ship-mounted ADCP 314
b. Current meter moorings and development of a bottom mounting system 314
4. Basic current structure and circulation system of Yellow Sea 315
Chapter V. Application of Research Outputs 317
1. Necessity of supplementary study 317
2. Application to other fields 317
3. Industrialization plan 318
Chapter VI. References 319
Appendix 329
Appendix 1. Abstracts of the presentation and publication 331
Appendix 2. Articles of newspapers concerned 344
Table 1-1. Information on the drifter experiments in the Yellow Sea during 1996-1998. 44
Table 1-2. Information on current meter moorings in the Yellow Sea during 1996-1998. 45
Table 1-3. Information on current measurements by ship mounted ADCPs in the Yellow Sea during 1996-1998. 45
Table 3-1. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment during April 8-14, 1996(spring), on R/Vs Onnuri and Xiangyanhong No. 9. 55
Table 3-2. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment during February 19-25, 1997(winter), on R/V Onnuri. 57
Table 3-3. Mean and rms currents at 3 depths (15, 30, 40 m) around 35˚ 00.10' N, 124˚ 29.82' E during February 23-March 7, 1997 and at 2 depths (0 and 45 m) around 33˚ 15.74' N, 124˚ 41.70' E during February 24-March 6, 1997 59
Table 3-4. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment during June 9-13, 1997 (early summer), on R/V Eardo. 59
Table 3-5. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment during July 11-20, 1997 (summer), on R/V Eardo. 61
Table 3-6. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment in the western Yellow Sea during July 12-17, 1997 (summer), on R/V Haijian No.18. 61
Table 3-7. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment in August 11 and 12, 1997 (summer), on R/V Eardo. 62
Table 3-8. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment in November 19-24, 1997 (summer), on R/V Onnuri. 65
Table 3-9. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment in April 24 and 26, 1998 (spring), on R/V Eardo 66
Table 3-10. Satellite-tracked drifter experiment in July 10-16, 1998 (summer), on R/V Eardo. 67
Table 3-11. Mean Life time and used time of the drifters in the Yellow Sea('94-'97). 69
Table 3-12. Variances of location for the landing drifters 71
Table 3-13. Harmonics of tidal current at the station I 74
Table 3-14. Averaged harmonics of calculated tidal current at the station I 75
Table 3-15. Information on the moored current data collected by KORDI in the Yellow Sea. 111
Table 3-16. Information on the moored current data collected in 1986 by Florida State University in the Yellow Sea. 112
Table 3-17. Currents measurements using the ship-mounted ADCPs 142
Table 3-18. Statistics of the observed currents and calculated currents from numerical model 145
Table 3-19. Estimates of turn-over times of the Shelf. 216
Table 3-20. Compartment dimensions and turn-over times for tidal circulation. 217
Table 3-21. Information on current meter moorings of KORDI 283
Fig.1-1. Composite trajectories of 11 drifters released on R/Vs Onnuri and Xiangyanghong No. 9. during April 8-14, 1996 (spring) 78
Fig.1-2. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in April 1996. 79
Fig.1-3. Composite trajectories of 18 drifters released during on R/V Onnuri February 19-25, 1997 (winter). 80
Fig.1-4. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in February 1997. 81
Fig.1-5. Composite trajectories of 3 drifters released on R/V Eardo during June 9-13, 1997 (early summer). 82
Fig.1-6. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in June 1997. 83
Fig.1-7. Composite trajectories of 10 drifters released on R/V Onnuri during July 11-20, 1997 (summer). 84
Fig.1-8. Composite trajectories of 5 drifters released in the western Yellow Sea on R/V Haijian No.18 during July 12-17, 1997 (summer) 85
Fig.1-9. Daily mean currents estimated from the two drifter experiments in July 1997. 86
Fig.1-10. Composite trajectories of 4 drifters released on R/V Eardo during August 11 and 12, 1997 (summer). 87
Fig.1-11. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in August 1997. 88
Fig.1-12. Daily mean currents estimated from drifter trajectories during July 10 to 29 (Julian day 201 to 220), 1997. 89
Fig.1-13. Daily mean currents estimated from drifter trajectories during August 9 to 28 (Julian day 221 to 240), 1997. 90
Fig.1-14. Composite trajectories of 8 drifters released on R/V Onnuri during November 19-24, 1997 (summer). 91
Fig.1-15. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in November 1997. 92
Fig.1-16. Composite trajectories of 3 drifters released on R/V Eardo during April 24 and 26, 1998 (spring). 93
Fig.1-17. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in April 1998. 94
Fig.1-18. Composite trajectories of 9 drifters released on R/V Eardo during July 10-16, 1998 (summer). 95
Fig.1-19. Daily mean currents estimated from the drifter experiment in July 1998. 96
Fig.1-20. A drifter trajectory of float 29569, release east of the Chanjiang estuary in July 1997. Small scale fluctuations. 97
Fig.1-21. Time series of calculated locations(thin) of an imaginary bouy with decomposite locations(thick) using the developed mothed.... 98
Fig.1-22. Calculated semi-diurnal tidal ellipses from the 62 satellite-tracked drifters released in the Yellow Sea during 1994-1997. 99
Fig.1-23. Comparison of decomposed semi-diurnal harmonics of the tidal current(Est.) using the developed method and calculated M2 harmonic from numerical model(Model). 100
Fig.1-24. Composite trajectories of all 82 satellite-tracked drifters released in the Yellow Sea during 1986-1998. 101
Fig.1-25. Daily mean currents constructed from the composite drifter trajectories in Fig.2-24 102
Fig.1-26. Current fields derived from the drifter trajectories by 30 minutes by 30 minutes box averaging.... 103
Fig.1-27. Daily mean currents in winter constructed from the composite drifter trajectories during November 1 to April 30. 104
Fig.1-28. Daily mean currents in summer constructed from the composite drifter trajectories during May 1 to October 31. 105
Fig.2-1. Trawl-resisted bottom mounting system (TRBM) for the shallow water ADCP, manufactured by Buoy Technology in USA.... 121
Fig.2-2. Modified design of TRBM system with long legs and a cylinder case for recovery rope. Two acoustic releases can be installed inside the system. 122
Fig.2-3. New design of TRBM system, developed by KORDI. The cylinder rope case is located at the center of the base and two acoustic releases can be installed. 123
Fig.2-4. Side and upper views of the new TRBM system in Fig 3-3, with physical specifications. The unit is in mm. 124
Fig.2-5. Location of current meter moorings during 1996-1998. 125
Fig.2-6. Time series of ADCP currents observed at station A1 during April 7-14, 1996. 126
Fig.2-7. Time series of currents at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 m depths at station A1 during April 7-14, 1996. 127
Fig.2-8. Time series of wind at 3 m height above sea surface and of low-frequency currents at 40, 50, 60, 70 m depths at station A1 during April 7-14, 1996. 128
Fig.2-9. Mean current vectors and major tidal current ellipses at station A1 during April 7-14, 1996. 129
Fig.2-10. Time series of currents at 6 m, 15 m, and 50 m at station R1 during April 11-14, 1996. 130
Fig.2-11. Time series of observed current at 32 m at station R2 during October 8-19, 1996. 131
Fig.2-12. Time series of observed current at 50 m at station R2 during October 8-19, 1996. 132
Fig.2-13. Mean current vectors and major tidal current ellipses at station R2 during October 8-19, 1996. 133
Fig.2-14. Time series of observed current at 35 m at station R3 during July 11-18, 1997. 134
Fig.2-15. Time series of observed current at 50 m at station R3 during July 11-18, 1997. 135
Fig.2-16. Mean current vectors and major tidal current ellipses at station R3 during July 11-18, 1997. 136
Fig.2-17. Time series of ADCP currents at station A4 during April 24-29, 1998. 137
Fig.2-18. Low-frequency currents at station A4 during April 24-29, 1998. 138
Fig.2-19. Mean current vectors and major tidal current ellipses at station A4 during April 24-29, 1996. 139
Fig.2-20. Mean current vectors estimated from all available moored current data in the Yellow Sea. Arrows with and without a dens triangle mark indicate mean vectors during summer and winter, respectively. 140
Fig.2-21. Vector time plots of moored currents at stations F and MJ in 1986. Stations are marked in Fig.3-5. 141
Fig.3-1. Ship-tracks for the ship-mounted ADCP observations. The numbers mean the date of observation. 149
Fig.3-2. Horizontal distribution of currents from the ship-mounted ADCP 156
Fig.3-3. Observed currents from the ship-mounted ADCP(thin line) and calculated currents from the numerical model(thick line) 178
Fig.3-4. Decide currents using the numerical model 182
Fig.3-5. Observed currents from the ship-mounted ADCP(thin line) and decomposing currents from the Candela's method(thick line) 197
Fig.3-6. Observed currents from the ship-mounted ADCP(thin line) and calculated residual currents from the Candela's method 200
Fig.3-7. Horizontal distribution of M2 tidal currents from the Candela's method 205
Fig.4-1. Bottom topography of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. 227
Fig.4-2. Time-averaged tidal circulation in the Yellow Sea (Choi, 1989). 228
Fig.4-3. Computed wind-induced circulation in the Yellow Sea from three-dimensional barotropic model. (Choi and Suh, 1992). 229
Fig.4-4. Circulation computed from three-dimensional primitive equation model. (Choi, Kim and Chang, 1997). 230
Fig.4-5. Computed wave distribution from third-generation wave model.(Choi and Jiang, 1998). 231
Fig.4-6. Finite difference grid of the model and divided sea regions used to compute turn-over times. 232
Fig.4-7. Turn-over time of the surface layer. 233
Fig.4-8. Turn-over time of the bottom layer. 233
Fig.4-9. Turn-over time of the mid-depth layer(or 2D). 233
Fig.4-10. Turn-over time of the total water depth column (3D). 233
Fig.5-1. Monthly mean sea surface temperature digitized from the oceanographic atlas of the state ocean agency of China 256
Fig.5-2. Monthly mean sea surface salinity digitized from the oceanographic atlas of the state ocean agency of China 257
Fig.5-3. Monthly mean temperature by NOAA 258
Fig.5-4. Monthly mean salinity by NOAA 259
Fig.5-5. Tidal stations on the Yellow, East China and East Sea 260
Fig.5-6. Recalculated geoid field of the close sea to the Korea 261
Fig.5-7. Definition sketch for a two-layered, stratified flow. 262
Fig.5-8. CTD station locations for the February 1997 Yellow Sea cruise. 263
Fig.5-9. Triangular grid for the finite element calculation. 264
Fig.5-10. Surface sigma-t contours (ppt) computed from salinity and temperature observation at the sites shown in Figure 1. 265
Fig.5-11. Surface model elevations (cm) calculated from the prescribed density and boundary forcing. 266
Fig.5-12. Surface model currents calculated from the prescribed density and boundary forcing. Each full shaft in multi-shafted vectors represents 5 cm/s. Depth contours are 25 m and 50 m. 267
Fig.5-13. Distributions of stream function in the case of northly wind. (a) Channel is partly closed on the western half. (b) Channel is completely closed. (after Seung, 1995) 268
Fig.5-14. (a) Instantaneous current vectors when the wind forcing is maximum and (b) averaged current vectors over one wind forcing period. Northerly wind is given sinusoidally with the period of 4 days. (after Takahashi et al., 1995) 269
Fig.5-15. Distributions of (a) horizontal temperature and (b) velocity at the 5 m depth after 4 month from the model integration. (after Seung, 1993) 270
Fig.5-16. Horizontal distributions of temperature (upper) and velocity (lower) in the model.... 271
Fig.5-17. Eulerian residual current calculated from M2 tidal current model.(after Kang, 1995) 272
Fig.5-18. (a) Vertical-mean current vectors driven by the Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983)'s wind stress for January.... 273
Fig.5-19. (a) Schematic circulation pattern obtained in the model for southwesterly wind in summer. Baroclinic effect caused by the existence of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water mass was incorporated. (after Yuan et al., 1982)... 274
Fig.6-1. Location of current meter moorings deployed in the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea where current data were collected for more than ten days.... 289
Fig.6-2. Vector stick diagram of low-passed currents observed in the 1980s by KORDI. 290
Fig.6-3. Vector stick diagram of low-passed currents observed in 1986 by FSU. 292
Fig.6-4. Composite trajectories of 10 satellite-tracked drifters released in April 1996 by KORDI. Large cross marks and numerals denote release points and identification numbers of drifters, respectively.... 293
Fig.6-5. Composite trajectories of 8 satellite-tracked drifters released in July 1986 by WHOI. The drifters were drogued at 10 m. Large cross marks and numerals denote release points and identification numbers of drifters, respectively.... 294
Fig.6-6. Trajectories of four satellite-tracked drifters released in 1994 by KORDI. Large cross marks and numerals denote release points and identification numbers of drifters, respectively. Smaller numerals along trajectories are Julian day. 295
Fig.7-1. Monthly data number of Korean temperature profiles collected in the eastern Yellow Sea during 1961-1988. 308
Fig.7-2. Spatial distribution of Korean temperature profiles in June, July, and August during 1961-1988 in the eastern Yellow Sea. 309
Fig.7-3. Long-term mean SST in June, July, and August estimated from Korean temperature data for 1961-1988.... 310
Fig.7-4. Ensemble of drifter trajectories in the adjacent seas around Cheju-do. 311