표제지
목차
Abstract 9
Ⅰ. 서론 11
Ⅱ. 연구내용 및 방법 13
1. 측정 개요 13
2. 반연속 자동측정 방법 14
가. PM10 및 PM2.5 질량농도 14
나. PM2.5 이온성분 15
다. PM2.5 탄소성분 15
라. PM2.5 금속성분 16
마. PM₁ 이온 및 유기물질농도 16
바. PM₁ 블랙카본농도 17
3. 측정자료의 정도관리 18
4. 수용모델 분석 21
가. PMF 모델 21
나. Hybrid-receptor 모델 22
Ⅲ. 연구결과 및 고찰 24
1. 고농도 미세먼지 사례의 발생 현황 24
2. 고농도 미세먼지 사례 시 PM2.5 성분특성 29
가. 고농도 미세먼지 사례 시 PM2.5 성분조성 29
나. 고농도 사례 시 기상 조건에 따른 PM2.5 성분조성 31
다. 사례의 세분화에 따른 발생특성 분석 32
3. 고농도 미세먼지 사례 시 유기물질 성분조성 36
가. 계절별 집중관측기간 중 PM₁ 성분조성 36
나. 발생특성에 따른 유기물질 성분조성의 세분화 44
다. 계절별 고농도 미세먼지 사례 시 유기물질 성분조성 50
라. 사례의 세분화에 따른 유기물질 성분특성 비교 52
4. 고농도 미세먼지 사례의 발생원인 분석 54
가. 수용모델을 이용한 고농도 사례 시 PM2.5 발생원 추정 54
나. Hybrid-receptor 모델을 사용한 배출원 지역 추정 62
Ⅳ. 결론 67
참고문헌 69
〈Table 1〉 Instrumental conditions for IC analysis in AIM system 15
〈Table 2〉 The results of linear regression, Z-test and Grubbs' test for semi-continuous speciated PM2.5 data and filter-based data 20
〈Table 3〉 Summery of High PM episodes occurred in 2010 25
〈Table 4〉 Summery of High PM episodes occurred in 2011 26
〈Table 5〉 Summery of High PM episodes occurred in 2012 27
〈Table 6〉 Classification of high PM episodes observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012 34
〈Table 7〉 Comparison of predicted PM2.5 mass, as determined by PMF analysis 55
〈Table 8〉 Comparison of source contributions of PM2.5 in Seoul with the result of previous works 59
〈Figure 1〉 Location of the Seoul intensive monitoring site. 14
〈Figure 2〉 Comparison of (a) Yearly and (b) Monthly mean PM10 concentration measured in Seoul and at Bulgwang-dong from 2001 to 2011. 14
〈Figure 3〉 Modified NIOSH method. 16
〈Figure 4〉 Schematic of the HR-ToF-AMS. 17
〈Figure 5〉 Schematic of the photodetectors of SP2. 18
〈Figure 6〉 Frequency of high PM episodes in Seoul from 2010 to 2012. 28
〈Figure 7〉 Distribution of wind speed during high PM episodes from 2010 to 2012. 28
〈Figure 8〉 Wind roses during high PM episodes at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 28
〈Figure 9〉/〈Figure 8〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during (a) all measurement periods and (b) high PM episodes. 29
〈Figure 10〉/〈Figure 9〉 Seasonal variation of chemical composition of PM2.5 at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 30
〈Figure 11〉/〈Figure 10〉 Frequency of wind direction during high PM episodes; Red line is the distribution when wind speed is higher than 0.5 m/s and yellow line is the distribution when wind speed is higher than 1 m/s. 31
〈Figure 12〉/〈Figure 11〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during high PM episodes from 2010 to 2012 classified by the wind speed and direction ((a) wind speed〈1m/s, (b) wind speed〉1m/s and... 32
〈Figure 13〉/〈Figure 12〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during the high PM episodes classified by the PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 33
〈Figure 14〉/〈Figure 13〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during the high PM episodes classified by the scale of area observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 35
〈Figure 15〉/〈Figure 14〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during the high PM episodes classified by the ozone concentration observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 36
〈Figure 16〉/〈Figure 15〉 The time series of PM₁ species concentrations by AMS species+BC and SMPS volume; the average PM₁ chemical composition; the average organic compoition; mean species size distributions in May 2012. 37
〈Figure 17〉/〈Figure 16〉 The time series of PM₁ species concentrations by AMS species+BC and SMPS volume; the average PM₁ chemical composition; the average organic compoition; mean species size distributions in June 2012. 37
〈Figure 18〉/〈Figure 17〉 The time series of PM₁ species concentrations by AMS species+BC and SMPS volume; the average PM₁ chemical composition; the average organic compoition; mean species size distributions in September 2013. 38
〈Figure 19〉/〈Figure 18〉 The time series of PM₁ species concentrations by AMS species+BC and SMPS volume; the average PM₁ chemical composition; the average organic compoition; mean species size distributions in December 2012. 38
〈Figure 20〉/〈Figure 19〉 The variation of percent composition with PM₁ mass concentration at Seoul supersite in (a) spring (May. 2012), (b) summer (Jul. 2012), (c) fall (Oct. 2013), (d) winter (Dec. 2012). 39
〈Figure 21〉/〈Figure 20〉 Time series of H/C and N/C ratios; and O/C and OM/OC ratios; the average diurnal variations of H/C and N/C ratios and O/C and OM/OC ratios in (a) spring (May. 2012), (b) summer... 41
〈Figure 22〉/〈Figure 21〉 The Van Krevelen diagram at Seoul supersite in (a) spring (May. 2012), (b) summer (Jul. 2012), (c) fall (Oct. 2013), (d) winter (Dec. 2012). 43
〈Figure 23〉/〈Figure 22〉 Average MS profiles of the organic components identified by PMF. 44
〈Figure 24〉/〈Figure 23〉 Diurnal variation of the PMF-identified OC components. 48
〈Figure 25〉/〈Figure 24〉 Correlation coefficients of the PMF-identified OA components versus externl tracers. The correlation coefficients with the values larger than 0.4 are marked as red. 49
〈Figure 26〉/〈Figure 25〉 Average organic composition during all measurement periods (left) and high PM episodes (right) in (a) spring (May. 2012), (b) summer (Jun. 2012), (c) fall (Oct. 2013), (d) winter (Dec. 2012). 51
〈Figure 27〉/〈Figure 26〉 Average chemical composition of PM₁ during the high PM episodes classified by the PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2012. 52
〈Figure 28〉/〈Figure 27〉 Average chemical composition of PM₁ during the high PM episodes classified by the scale of area observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2012. 53
〈Figure 29〉/〈Figure 28〉 Comparison of predicted PM2.5 mass, as determined by PMF analysis, with measured PM2.5 mass at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 54
〈Figure 30〉/〈Figure 29〉 Source profiles resolved from PMF compared with the corresponding profiles in references. 56
〈Figure 31〉/〈Figure 30〉 Average source apportionment of PM2.5 during (a) all measurement period and (b) high PM episodes observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 58
〈Figure 32〉/〈Figure 31〉 Seasonal source apportionment of PM2.5 during all measurement periods (left) and high PM episodes (right) at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 60
〈Figure 33〉/〈Figure 32〉 Average chemical composition of PM2.5 during the high PM episodes classified by the scale of area observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 61
〈Figure 34〉/〈Figure 33〉 CPF plots of high PM episodes observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site from 2010 to 2012. 62
〈Figure 35〉/〈Figure 34〉 Distribution map of major industrial complex in China. 63
〈Figure 36〉/〈Figure 35〉 CPF plots of the PM2.5 sources resolved at Seoul intensive monitoring site during high PM episodes from 2010 to 2012. 64
〈Figure 37〉/〈Figure 36〉 Potential source areas of PM2.5 observed at Seoul intensive monitoring site during high PM episodes from 2010 to 2012. 66