표제지
연구 보고서
목차
요약문 20
Summary 24
제1장 서론 29
제2장 지진관측환경 표준화 및 지진정보 생산 개선 연구 32
제1절 지진감시기술 고도화 연구 32
1. 지진자료의 품질 분석 기술 연구 32
2. 지진조기경보 운영 지원 및 기술개선 38
3. 한반도에 적합한 진도 산출기법 연구 47
4. 지진조기경보시스템의 국외 현황조사 62
5. 지진조기경보 알고리즘 분석 82
6. 관측정보를 활용한 대상구간의 지반특성 파악 연구 93
7. 관측 및 지반·지질 정보를 활용한 전파된 지진파 특성 연구 106
제2절 한반도 주요지진 활동 및 발생 메커니즘 연구 121
1. 포항지진 및 여진의 진원 재분석 121
2. 2018년 발생 미소지진 분석 및 진원오차 개선 연구 136
제3절 인공지진 분석 및 활용 연구 149
1. IMS 관측망을 활용한 인공지진 분석 기술 개발 149
2. 인공지진 식별을 위한 공중음파 센서 배열 및 분석 기술 개발 158
제4절 소결론 166
제3장 지진해일 예측시스템 개발 및 개선연구 171
제1절 한반도 및 동북아 지진해일 예측시스템 171
1. W파를 이용한 지진해일 예측시스템 개발 171
2. 지진해일 예측시스템 활용 방안 연구 180
제2절 지진해일 검출시스템 개선연구 186
1. 지진해일 검출시스템 개선 연구 186
제3절 지진해일 초기값 개선 기법 연구 191
1. 지각변위 모델링 프로그램을 이용한 초기값 개선 191
제4절 소결론 197
제4장 화산활동 원격감시 및 한반도 지각활동 진단정보 생산 198
제1절 화산 활동 감시 및 분화 정보 생산 기술 개발 198
1. 상대지표온도와 지표변위를 이용한 백두산 화산활동 평가 198
2. 위성 자료를 이용한 화산재 퇴적지역 탐지 방안 연구 210
3. 화산지역 지표변위 산출을 위한 Sentinel-1 SAR 자료 활용 기술 개발 217
제2절 GPS를 활용한 한반도 지각변동 분석 연구 223
1. GPS 기반 한반도 지각변동 분석 223
2. 규모 5.0 이상의 지진에 의한 전리층 변동 연구 232
제3절 소결론 245
제5장 요약 및 결론 247
참고 문헌 252
최종보고서
제1장 개요 274
제1절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 275
제2절 연구의 목적 및 범위 277
1. 연구의 목적 277
2. 연구의 범위 277
제3절 기대효과 및 활용방안 280
제2장 Sentinel-1 SAR 영상의 특성 281
제3장 Sentinel-1 영상의 자료 전처리 자동화 285
제1절 Sentinel-1 자료의 효율적 자료 전송을 위한 스크립트 개발 286
제2절 SAR 처리 소프트웨어 적용을 위한 자료 변환 및 궤도력 자동 보정 기술 개발 290
제4장 Sentinel-1 지표의 차분간섭처리를 위한 자동 수치표고자료 생성 302
제1절 고해상도 수치표고자료(SRTM 30m 또는 90m)의 전 세계 지역 DB화 및 저장 303
1. SRTM 1-arc/3-arc 전 세계 지역 DB 303
2. ALOS(Advanced Land Observing Satellite) Mosaic 및 FNF(Forest/Non-Forest) Map 전 세계 지역 DB 305
제2절 광대역의 고해상도 수치표고자료의 자동 Mosaic 및 수치표고자료 자동 생성 308
제3절 SAR 자료 Coverage에 따른 자동 Mosaic 및 변환 310
제5장 Sentinel-1 자료의 지표변위 정밀도 개선 연구 312
제1절 시계열 처리 알고리즘의 Sentinel-1 자료 적용 방안 연구 313
1. Sentinel-1 PSI demo 버전 테스트 315
2. 시계열 처리 알고리즘 Sentinel-1 적용 방안 연구 322
제2절 Sentinel-1 레이더 간섭도의 대기 모델을 활용한 대기 오차 저감 방법 연구 330
제3절 Sentinel-1 레이더 간섭도의 위성 자료를 활용한 대기 오차 저감 방법 연구 336
제6장 레이더 간섭도 위상값의 자동 변위 변환 346
제1절 SAR Header 자료와 수치표고자료를 이용한 변위 자료 변환 모듈 자동화 347
제2절 구글어스 등을 이용한 지표변위 시각화 프로그램 개발 356
제7장 결론 360
참고문헌 364
Table 2.1.1. Events used in this study 39
Table 2.1.2. Data collection rate of Korea Hydro Nuclear Power stations(KST... 41
Table 2.1.3. Comparison of real-time analysis and test analysis accuracy using... 42
Table 2.1.4. Comparison of average time of detection results using KMA and... 42
Table 2.1.5. Comparision of earthquake early warning notification using KMA... 42
Table 2.1.6. Korea Hydro Nuclear Power stations 43
Table 2.1.7. Comparison of analytical accuracy of real-time operation and... 44
Table 2.1.8. Reception rate results of Korea Hydro Nuclear Power stations(KST... 45
Table 2.1.9. Event information used in this study 48
Table 2.1.10. Ranges of ground motions for Modified Mercalli Intensities 59
Table 2.1.11. Ranges of ground motions for Modified Mercalli Intensities for... 62
Table 2.1.12. Method used for each earthquake early warning system 71
Table 2.1.13. Comparison of major On-site system 82
Table 2.1.14. Filterbank narrow passband filter range with number n(Chung et al., 2019) 87
Table 2.1.15. Revised amplitude check criteria 89
Table 2.1.16. Peak frequencies of KMA stations from HVFR 102
Table 2.1.17. Calculation of predictive relationships by fpeak(이미지참조) 105
Table 2.1.18. Layer properties 108
Table 2.1.19. Observation information 111
Table 2.2.1. Number of temporary stations used and the corresponding date 133
Table 2.2.2. Quarterly RMS, ERR and ERZ error by the velocity models 139
Table 2.2.3. Average errors according to regional differences by the velocity... 142
Table 2.2.4. Average errors and reliability by the velocity models 142
Table 2.3.1. Format of request file 152
Table 2.3.2. Results of seisrric evffit discrirrinatirn using seisrm-ocoostic analysis 165
Table 3.1.1. Earthquakes used in this study 172
Table 3.1.2. Comer frequencies used for butterworth bandpass filtering(fourth order)... 175
Table 3.1.3. W-phase inversion result for 1993 Okushiri earthquake 177
Table 3.1.4. Numerical simulation conditions for 1993 Okushiri earthquake 179
Table 3.1.5. Location of tsunami and fault parameters 179
Table 3.1.6. Numerical simulation conditions 180
Table 3.1.7. Fault parameters for 1983 Okita earthquake 181
Table 3.1.8. Fault parameters for 1993 Okushiri earthquake 181
Table 3.1.9. Numerical simulation conditions for 2011 Tohoku earthquake 183
Table 3.2.1. Numerical simulation conditions for 1993 Okushiri earthquake 187
Table 3.2.2. Assumed fault parameters 187
Table 3.3.1. Example of STATICID program 194
Table 4.1.1. Results of volcanic activity monitoring of Mt. Baekdu from 2017... 209
Table 4.1.2. Characteristics of GOCI spectral bands(Ryu et al., 2012) 211
Table 4.2.1. Basic information of the earthquakes used in this study 225
Table 4.2.2. Information of the earthquakes used in this study 233
Fig. 2.1.1. Schematic of Back Azimuth and Azimuth 33
Fig. 2.1.2. Location of borehole station in Korean Peninsula and regional earthquake epicenters 34
Fig. 2.1.3. Raw seismogram data at the JEJB station 35
Fig. 2.1.4. Filtered seismogram data at the JEJB station 35
Fig. 2.1.5. Result of PSD at the MMD station 36
Fig. 2.1.6. Location of seismic station in related organization 37
Fig. 2.1.7. Event location map used in this study 55
Fig. 2.1.8. Difference between observed velocities(pink) and integration of... 56
Fig. 2.1.9. Seismic stations and events in Gyeongju earthquake used to... 57
Fig. 2.1.10. Comparisons of Peak Ground Accelerations(left) and intensities(right)... 58
Fig. 2.1.11. Modified Mercalli intensity plotted against peak ground acceleration. (left)... 60
Fig. 2.1.12. Modified Mercalli intensity plotted against peak ground velocity. (left)... 61
Fig. 2.1.13. Classification of Earthquake Early warning(EEW) 63
Fig. 2.1.14. Flowchart of eBear earthquake early warning system... 64
Fig. 2.1.15. Schematic illustration of the evolutionary earthquake location... 66
Fig. 2.1.16. Application of RTMag to Kobe earthquake, 1995. (a)... 67
Fig. 2.1.17. Epicenter estimate methods of JMA. (a) B-Delta(Single station)... 69
Fig. 2.1.18. Schematic illustration of Tnow method(이미지참조) 70
Fig. 2.1.19. Flowchart of each earthquake early warning system 71
Fig. 2.1.20. Algorism of on-site warning(Kanamori, 2015) 73
Fig. 2.1.21. Classification of warning(Zollo et al., 2014) 73
Fig. 2.1.22. Algorithm of SAVE(Caruso et al., 2017) 75
Fig. 2.1.23. Scaling relationship of intial p-wave parameter vs earthquake... 76
Fig. 2.1.24. The three matrices adopted for the alarm system employing the... 77
Fig. 2.1.25. Results obtained for the station MRN(Parolai et al., 2015) 78
Fig. 2.1.26. Basic concepts of the SVR technique and the Vapnik's... 79
Fig. 2.1.27. Real PGA and the predicted PGA using the SVR model of six... 80
Fig. 2.1.28. Distribution of measured and predicted PGA values for the 28... 81
Fig. 2.1.29. Simple ElarmS algorithm flowchart 83
Fig. 2.1.30. ElarmS-3 Waveform Processor flowchart(Chung et al., 2019) 85
Fig. 2.1.31. (a) Linear filter to discriminate teleseismic events from local... 88
Fig. 2.1.32. Example of "Range-past-trigger parameter" R(Chung et al., 2019) 90
Fig. 2.1.33. Processing flow for E2(EM) module(Kuyuk et al.,2013) 91
Fig. 2.1.34. ElarmS EA(Event Associator) flowchart(Chung et al., 2019) 92
Fig. 2.1.35. Location of seismic stations used in this study 96
Fig. 2.1.36. Distribution of local events used in this study 97
Fig. 2.1.37. EUS Station:(a) Vs profile (b) frequency bv depth (c) Average... 98
Fig. 2.1.38. MGY Station:(a) Vs profile (b) frequency bv depth (c) Average... 99
Fig. 2.1.39. Case of WAN2 Station and JEO2 Station 100
Fig. 2.1.40. Comparison of Measured VS30 and empirical formula 101
Fig. 2.1.41. Liquefaction presumption in Pohang:(a)soil boiling in Mangchun-li... 107
Fig. 2.1.42. Profiles:(a) SPT, (b) shear wave velocity 109
Fig. 2.1.43. Geologic structures in Pohang Basin (Park et al., 2015) and SPT... 110
Fig. 2.1.44. Temporarily stations distribution map 111
Fig. 2.1.45. Horizontal component acceleration time domain history 113
Fig. 2.1.46. Up (vertical component) wave time domain history 113
Fig. 2.1.47. Response spectrum of aftershock events 114
Fig. 2.1.48. Response spectrum at PHA2 114
Fig. 2.1.49. Attenuation curve and PGA for Pohang earthquake 116
Fig. 2.1.50. Bedrock Input motion 117
Fig. 2.1.51. Results of site response based on effective stress:(a-c) Main event... 118
Fig. 2.2.1. Location of the stations used in the analysis. Permanent network of... 122
Fig. 2.2.2. The velocity models used in the analysis and (b) shallow velocity... 123
Fig. 2.2.3. Initial location using IASP91 model from the Earthquake and... 124
Fig. 2.2.4. Mainshock and aftershocks on the day of the earthquake and... 126
Fig. 2.2.5. Mainshock and aftershocks on the day of the earthquake with... 128
Fig. 2.2.6. Distribution of posterior density function(PDF) on the mainshock of... 130
Fig. 2.2.7. Mainshock and aftershocks on the day of the earthquake with... 131
Fig. 2.2.8. Aftershocks with permanent and temporary stations using... 133
Fig. 2.2.9. (a) Three-dimentional relocation results from NLLoc (b) Relocation... 134
Fig. 2.2.10. Hypocenter of microearthquake Initial analysis(the result)... 136
Fig. 2.2.11. The velocity models used in location analysis 138
Fig. 2.2.12. Location distribution by the velocity models (a) IASP91, (b) Chang... 141
Fig. 2.2.13. RMS, ERH, ERZ errors for hypocenter relocation by the velocity... 146
Fig. 2.2.14. Relation to ERR and ERZ using the velocity models (a)... 147
Fig. 2.2.15. Location distribution using the velocity models 148
Fig. 2.3.1. GEOTOOL software analysis procedure using seismic data from IMS... 150
Fig. 2.3.2. Main waveform window after picking P arrivals 153
Fig. 2.3.3. Calculating event location and magnitude from P arrivals 154
Fig. 2.3.4. Main waveform window with E, Nand Z component waveforms for... 155
Fig. 2.3.5. Ray path from KSRS to event calculated by particle motion... 156
Fig. 2.3.6. The sensor configuration of Chulwon infra sound array using fixed... 159
Fig. 2.3.7. The case of not detected infrasound for explosion event 160
Fig. 2.3.8. Detected the infrasound signal before and after the filtering. (a)... 161
Fig. 2.3.9. The comparison of detected infrasound data. Right panel is raw... 162
Fig. 2.3.10. Detected infrasound for explosion event. (a) and (b) is an array... 163
Fig. 3.1.1. Events used in this study 173
Fig. 3.1.2. Seismic station used in Wphase inversion 174
Fig. 3.1.3. Wphase inversion results for the 2016/11/21 earthquakes 176
Fig. 3.1.4. W phase inversion result for Okushiri earthquake 177
Fig. 3.1.5. Comparison of observed (black trace) and synthetic (red trace)... 178
Fig. 3.1.6. Comparison of measured and calculated value for tsunami arrival time... 179
Fig. 3.1.7. Comparison of tsunami scenario DB and numerical simulation results 182
Fig. 3.1.8. Grid composition for numerical simulation 183
Fig. 3.1.9. Comparison of measured(red) and calculated(black) data of tide... 184
Fig. 3.1.10. Comparison of measured(red) and calculated(black) data of DART buoys[내용누락;p.160] 17
Fig. 3.2.1. The results of tsunami detection algorithm. (a) ALARM algorithm, (b)... 188
Fig. 3.2.2. The results of tsunami detection algorithm. (a) alarm result before threshold... 189
Fig. 3.2.3. The results of tsunami detection algorithm 190
Fig. 3.3.1. Anomalies of numerical simulation 191
Fig. 3.3.2. Preliminary Reference... 193
Fig. 3.3.3. Spherical coordinate and... 193
Fig. 3.3.4. Vertical deformation using (a) STATIC1D and (b) shallow... 195
Fig. 3.3.5. Vertical displacement for the 1707 Hoei earthquake calculated... 196
Fig. 4.1.1. Schema of relative land surface temperature 200
Fig. 4.1.2. Characteristics of land cover in time-series images 202
Fig. 4.1.3. Temperature estimation data using optical and thermal infrared... 203
Fig. 4.1.4. Estimating surface area and water level using satellite imagery... 204
Fig. 4.1.5. Differential relative land surface temperature(DRLST) of time-series... 205
Fig. 4.1.6. Land surface temperature(LST) at anomaly area of Cheonji 206
Fig. 4.1.7. Water temperature at anomaly area of Cheonji 206
Fig. 4.1.8. Area and water level of Cheonji 207
Fig. 4.1.9. Monthly average change rate of surface displacement,... 208
Fig. 4.1.10. GOCI band 8 images before (October 7, 2015), and after(October 10,... 212
Fig. 4.1.11. Map of volcanic ash deposition area modified from JMA... 213
Fig. 4.1.12. The result of unsupervised classification after volcanic ash detection... 215
Fig. 4.1.13. Script flowchart 218
Fig. 4.1.14. Atmospheric correction test result 220
Fig. 4.1.15. Scatterplot 221
Fig. 4.2.1. Conceptual diagram of crustal strain defined... 225
Fig. 4.2.2. Conceptual diagram of crustal movement rates of before and... 226
Fig. 4.2.3. Principal strain rates of each triangle per year. The red arrows... 231
Fig. 4.2.4. Location of GPS stations and three earthquakes 234
Fig. 4.2.5. Skyplot for station Gangneung(KANR) at the each event time 235
Fig. 4.2.6. Coseismic ionospheric perturbations. (top) The numerical third... 238
Fig. 4.2.7. Coseismic ionospheric perturbations for the 2017 Pohang... 241
Fig. 4.2.8. Coseismic ionospheric perturbations for the 2017 North Korean... 243