표제지
OECD 교육지표 2020 한국어판을 내면서 / 반상진
서문(Foreward)
목차
EDITORIAL / Angel Gurría 18
INTRODUCTION : 지표와 구성 22
READER'S GUIDE 30
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
Youth in the Education Sustainable Development Goal 46
Chapter A. 교육기관의 산출 및 학습 효과(The output of educational institutions and the impact of learning) 58
INDICATOR A1. 성인의 교육 이수(To what level have adults studied?) 59
A1.1. 25-64세 인구의 교육 이수(2019)(Educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds(2019)) 72
A1.2. 성별 25-34세 인구의 교육 이수 추이(2009, 2019)(Trends in educational attainment of 25-34 year-olds, by gender(2009 and 2019)) 73
A1.3. 프로그램 유형별 25-34세 및 55-64세 인구의 교육 이수(2019)(Educational attainment of 25-34 year-olds and 55-64 year-olds, by programme orientation(2019)) 74
INDICATOR A2. 교육에서 직업으로의 이동 : 청년층을 중심으로(Transition from education to work : Where are today's youth?) 75
A2.1. 고용상태별 18-24세 인구의 교육 및 비교육 비율(2019)(Percentage of 18-24 year-olds in education/not in education, by work status(2019)) 87
A2.2. 연령별 및 고용상태별 청년의 교육 및 비교육 비율 추이(2009, 2019)(Trends in the percentage of young adults in education/not in education, by age group and work status(2009 and 2019)) 88
A2.3. 졸업 후 기간별 후기중등교육 이수 청년의 교육 및 비교육(고용 및 비고용) 비율(2018)(Young adults with upper secondary education in education/not in education, employed or not, by years since graduation(2018)) 89
INDICATOR A3. 학력이 노동시장 참여에 미치는 영향(How does educational attainment affect participation in the labour market?) 91
A3.1. 교육수준별 25-64세 인구의 고용률(2019)(Employment rates of 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment(2019)) 105
A3.2. 교육수준별, 성별 25-34세 인구의 고용률 추이(2009, 2019)(Trends in employment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment and gender(2009 and 2019)) 106
A3.3. 교육수준별, 연령별 인구의 고용률(2019)(Employment rates, by educational attainment and age group(2019)) 107
A3.4. 교육수준별 25-34세 인구의 실업률, 비경제활동 비율(2019)(Unemployment and inactivity rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment(2019)) 108
A3.5. 최근 교육을 이수한 청년들의 졸업 후 기간별, 교육수준별 고용률(2018)(Employment rates of young adults who have recently completed education, by educational attainment and years since graduation(2018)) 109
INDICATOR A4. 교육의 경제적 효과(What are the earnings advantages from education?) 111
A4.1. 교육수준별 근로자의 상대적 임금(2018)(Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment(2018)) 124
A4.2. 교육수준별 중위임금 대비 소득 수준(2018)(Level of earnings relative to median earnings, by educational attainment(2018)) 125
A4.3. 교육수준별, 연령별 남성 임금 대비 여성 임금(2018)(Women's earnings as a percentage of men's earnings, by educational attainment and age group(2018)) 126
A4.4. 교육수준별, 연령별 근로자의 상대적 임금(2018)(Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and age(2018)) 127
INDICATOR A5. 교육투자에 대한 동기(What are the financial incentives to invest in education?) 129
A5.1. 후기중등교육을 이수한 남성의 사적 순 현재가치(2017)(Private costs and benefits for a man attaining upper secondary education(2017)) 145
A5.2. 후기중등교육을 이수한 여성의 사적 순 현재가치(2017)(Private costs and benefits for a woman attaining upper secondary education(2017)) 146
A5.3. 후기중등교육을 이수한 남성의 공적 순 현재가치(2017)(Public costs and benefits for a man attaining upper secondary education(2017)) 147
A5.4. 후기중등교육을 이수한 여성의 공적 순 현재가치(2017)(Public costs and benefits for a woman attaining upper secondary education(2017)) 148
INDICATOR A6. 교육의 사회적 성과(How are social outcomes related to education?) 149
A6.1. 한 달 동안 최소 수차례 여러 종류의 학교 폭력에 노출됐다고 응답한 15세 학생 비율(부모의 학력별)(2018)(Percentage of 15-year-old students who reported being exposed to different forms of bullying at least a few times a month, by parents' educational attainment(2018)) 166
A6.2. 학교 폭력 관련 지문에 대해 동의 또는 매우 동의라고 응답한 15세 학생의 비율(부모의 학력별)(2018)(Percentage of 15-year-old students who agreed or strongly agreed with statements about bullying, by parents' educational attainment(2018)) 167
A6.3. 교육수준별 정치 참여도(2016 또는 2018)(Political engagement, by educational attainment(2016 or 2018)) 168
INDICATOR A7. 성인의 교육 및 학습 참여(To what extent do adults participate equally in education and learning?) 169
A7.1. 기업의 규모 및 분야별, 직무 관련성 및 고용주 지원에 따른 비형식 교육훈련에 참여하는 성인의 비중(2016)(Share of employed adults participating in non-formal education and training, by size and sector of enterprise, job-relatedness and employer sponsorship(2016)) 185
A7.2. 연간 교육이수에 따른 형식/비형식 교육훈련참여 시간(2016)(Annual hours of participation in formal and/or non-formal education and training, by educational attainment(2016)) 186
A7.3. 기업규모별 연간 교육훈련 비용(2015)(Annual training costs, by size of enterprise(2015)) 187
Chapter B. 교육에의 접근·참여와 발달(Access to education, participation and progress) 188
INDICATOR B1. 교육 참여자(Who participates in education?) 189
B1.1. 연령별 취학률(2005, 2010, 2018)(Enrolment rates by age group(2005, 2010 and 2018)) 200
B1.2. 교육단계별 15-19세 및 20-24세 인구의 중등 및 고등교육 취학률(2018)(Enrolment rates of 15-19 and 20-24 year-olds in secondary and tertiary education, by level of education(2018)) 201
B1.3. 교육단계별 25세 이상 인구의 중등 및 고등교육 학생 취학률(2018)(Enrolment rates of students aged 25 and older in secondary and tertiary education, by level of education(2018)) 202
INDICATOR B2. 영유아교육 체제(How do early childhood education systems differ around the world?) 203
B2.1. 서비스 유형별, 연령별 3세 미만 아동의 영유아교육 및 보육 취학률(2005, 2010, 2018)(Enrolment rates of children under the age of 3 in early childhood education and care, by type of service and age(2005, 2010 and 2018)) 223
B2.2. 연령별 영유아교육 및 보육과 초등교육 취학률(2005, 2010, 2018)(Enrolment rates in early childhood education and care and primary education, by age(2005, 2010 and 2018)) 224
B2.3. 사립교육기관 영유아교육 및 보육 취학률, 교사 1인당 아동 수 ECEC 교사의 가장 전형적 자격(2018)(Enrolment of children in early childhood education and care(ISCED 0) in private institutions, ratio of children to teaching staff and most prevalent qualification of ECEC staff(2018)) 225
B2.4. 영유아교육 및 보육 재정지원과 3-5세에 대한 지출(2017)(Financing of early childhood education and care(ISCED 0) and expenditure on all children aged 3 to 5(2017)) 226
INDICATOR B3. 후기중등교육 완수(Who is expected to complete upper secondary education?) 227
B3.1. 입학 프로그램 유형별, 성별 후기중등교육 완수율(2018)(Completion rate of upper secondary education, by programme orientation at entrance and gender(2018)) 239
B3.2. 프로그램 유형별 법정 수업연한(n)과 이후 2년(n+2)의 후기중등교육 입학자 분포(2018)(Distribution of entrants to upper secondary education by programme orientation and outcomes after the theoretical duration and after the theoretical duration plus two years(2018)) 240
INDICATOR B4. 고등교육 입학(Who is expected to enter tertiary education?) 241
B4.1. 고등교육 최초입학자의 입학률 및 특성(2018)(Entry rate and profile of first-time entrants into tertiary education(2018)) 257
B4.2. 단기고등교육 신규입학자의 입학률 및 특성(2018)(Entry rate and profile of new entrants into short-cycle tertiary level(2018)) 258
B4.3. 학사, 석사 및 박사과정 신규입학자의 입학률 및 특성(2018)(Entry rate and profile of new entrants into bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels(2018)) 259
INDICATOR B5. 고등교육 졸업(Who is expected to graduate from tertiary education?) 261
B5.1. 고등교육 최초졸업자의 졸업률 및 특성(2018)(Graduation rate and profile of first-time tertiary graduates(2018)) 272
B5.2. 전공별 고등교육 졸업자 분포(2018)(Distribution of tertiary graduates by field of study(2018)) 273
B5.3. 단기고등교육 및 학사, 석사 박사 과정에서의 고등교육 최초졸업자의 졸업률 및 특성(2018)(Graduation rate and profile of first-time tertiary graduates at short-cycle tertiary, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels(2018)) 274
INDICATOR B6. 국제이동학생의 특성(What is the profile of internationally modile students?) 275
B6.1. 고등교육 국제이동학생과 외국인학생(2010, 2014, 2018)(International and foreign student mobility in tertiary education(2010, 2014 and 2018)) 290
B6.2. 전공별 국제이동학생 및 외국인학생의 분포(2018)(Distribution of international or foreign students by field of study(2018)) 291
B6.3. 국제학생과 외국인학생의 이동 양상(2018)(Mobility patterns of foreign and international students(2018)) 292
INDICATOR B7. 국가별 직업계 교육 체제의 특성(How do vocational education systems differ around the world?) 293
B7.1. 프로그램 유형, 연령 및 성별 직업계 전기중등교육-단기고등교육과정 학생의 특성(2018)(Profile of students enrolled in vocational education from lower secondary to short-cycle tertiary, by type of programme, age and gender(2018)) 313
B7.2. 프로그램 유형, 특성별 후기중등교육, 중등후 비고등교육 및 더 높은 수준으로의 교육단계 간 이동 경로(2018)(Pathways between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and higher levels of education, by type of programme and programme orientation(2018)) 315
B7.3. 후기중등교육의 학교-직장 기반 병행 프로그램 주요 특징(2018)(Main characteristics of combined school- and work-based programmes in upper secondary education(2018)) 317
Chapter C. 교육에 투자된 재정적 자원(Financial resources invested in education) 320
INDICATOR C1. 학생 1인당 공교육비(How much is spent per student on educational institutions?) 327
C1.1. 교육단계별 연간 학생 1인당 공교육비(2017)(Total expenditure on educational institutions per flill-time equivalent student(2017)) 340
C1.2. 교육단계별 학생 1인당 연간 교육 핵심 서비스 비용, 부가서비스비용 및 연구개발비(2017)(Total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student for core educational services, ancillary services and R&D(2017)) 341
C1.3. 전일제 환산 학생 1인당 공교육비 연평균 변화율 평균(2012-2017)(Average annual growth in total expenditure on educational institutions per full-time equivalent student(2012 to 2017)) 342
INDICATOR C2. GDP 대비 공교육비(What proportion of national wealth is spent on educational institutions?) 343
C2.1. 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 비율(2017)(Total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP(2017)) 352
C2.2. 재원별 GDP 대비 공교육비 비율(2017)(Total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by source of funds(2017)) 353
C2.3. 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 변화 지수(2005, 2012, 2017)(Index of change in total expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP(2005, 2012 and 2017)) 354
INDICATOR C3. 정부부담과 민간부담 공교육비(How much public and private investment in educational institutions is there?) 355
C3.1. 최종 재원 기준 교육단계별 정부, 민간, 해외 재원별 공교육비의 상대적 비중(2017)(Relative share of public, private and international expenditure on educational institutions, by final source of funds(2017)) 365
C3.2. 재원 및 정부에서 민간으로의 이전지출에 따른 정부, 민간, 해외 재원별 공교육비의 상대적 비중(2017)(Relative share of public, private and international expenditure on educational institutions, by source of funds and public-to-private transfers(2017)) 366
C3.3. 정부, 민간, 해외 재원 공교육비의 상대적 비중 추이(2005, 2012, 2017)(Trends in the share of public, private and international expenditure on educational institutions(2005, 2012 and 2017)) 367
INDICATOR C4. 정부부담 총 교육비(What is the total public spending on education?) 369
C4.1. 총 정부부담 공교육비 비율(2017)(Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure(2017)) 381
C4.2. 정부수준별 정부부담 총 교육비의 재원 출처 분포(2017)(Distribution of sources of total public funds devoted to education, by level of government(2017)) 382
C4.3. 전체 정부지출 대비 정부부담 총 공교육비 변화지수(2005, 2012, 2017)(Index of change in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure(2005, 2012 and 2017)) 383
INDICATOR C5. 등록금과 정부 지원(How much do tertiary students pay and what public support do they receive?) 385
C5.1. 교육기관별 내국인 및 외국인학생의 고등교육 연평균(혹은 최빈값) 등록금(2017/18)(Annual average(or most common) tuition fees charged by tertiary institutions to national and foreign students(2017/18)) 399
C5.2. 등록금 개혁과 고등교육에 대한 정부의 재정 지원 추이(2007/08 대비 2017/18)(Trends and reforms in tuition fees and public financial support to tertiary education(2007/08 to 2017/18)) 400
C5.3. 고등교육 프로그램에 등록한 내국인학생에 대한 정부의 재정 지원(2017/18)(Public financial support to national students enrolled in tertiary programmes(2017/18)) 401
INDICATOR C6. 교육 서비스와 자원별 교육비 지출(On what resources and services is education funding spent?) 403
C6.1. 교육단계별 경상비와 자본비 비중(2017)(Share of current and capital expenditure, by education level(2017)) 413
C6.2. 자원유형별 경상비 분포(2017)(Current expenditure, by resource category(2017)) 414
C6.3. 교육기관 유형별, 자원유형별, 경상비 비중(2017)(Share of current expenditure, by resource category and type of institution(2017)) 415
Chapter D. 교사, 학습환경 및 학교조직(Teachers, the learning environment and the organisation of schools) 416
INDICATOR D1. 학생의 수업시간 변화(How does time spent by students in the classroom vary over the years?) 417
D1.1. 초등교육단계 의무교육의 학습시간(2011, 2014-2019)(Instruction time in compulsory primary education(2011, 2014 to 2019)) 436
D1.2. 전기중등교육단계 일반계 의무교육의 학습시간(2011, 2014-2019)(Instruction time in compulsory general lower secondary education(2011, 2014 to 2019)) 437
D1.3. 초등교육단계 의무교육의 과목별 학습시간(2014, 2019)(Instruction time per subject in compulsory primary education(2014 and 2019)) 438
D1.4. 일반계 의무교육의 전기중등교육단계 과목별 학습시간(2014, 2019)(Instruction time per subject in compulsory general lower secondary education(2014 and 2019)) 439
INDICATOR D2. 교사 1인당 학생 수와 학급당 학생 수(What is the student-teacher ratio and how big are classes?) 441
D2.1. 교육단계별 교사 1인당 학생 수(2018)(Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions, by level of education(2018)) 455
D2.2. 학교유형 별 교사 1인당 학생 수(2018)(Ratio of students to teaching staff, by type of institution(2018)) 456
D2.3. 학교유형 별 평균 학급당 학생 수(2018) 및 2005년과 2018년 간 변화지수(Average class size, by type of institution(2018) and index of change between 2005 and 2018) 457
INDICATOR D3. 교사 및 학교장 급여(How much are teachers and school heads paid?) 459
D3.1. 경력별 가장 전형적 자격교사의 법정급여(2019)(Teachers' statutory salaries, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers(2019)) 483
D3.2. 고등교육 이수 근로자 대비 교사 및 학교장의 실질급여(2019)(Teachers' and school heads' actual salaries relative to earnings of tertiary-educated workers(2019)) 484
D3.3. 교사 및 학교장의 평균 실질급여(2019)(Teachers' and school heads' average actual salaries(2019)) 485
D3.4. 최소자격을 갖춘 학교장의 최소 및 최대 법정 급여(2019)(School heads' minimum and maximum school heads' statutory salaries, based on minimum qualifications(2019)) 486
INDICATOR D4. 교사 및 학교장의 수업시간과 근무시간(How much time do teachers and school heads spend teaching and working?) 487
D4.1. 교사의 수업시간 구성(2019)(Organisation of teachers' teaching time(2019)) 505
D4.2. 교사의 근무시간 구성(2019)(Organisation of teachers' working time(2019)) 506
D4.3. 교육단계별 교사의 업무(2019)(Tasks of teachers, by level of education(2019)) 507
D4.4. 교육단계별 교사의 기타 책무(2019)(Other responsibilities of teachers, by level of education(2019)) 508
D4.5. 학교장의 근무시간 구성(2019)(Organisation of school heads' working time(2019)) 509
INDICATOR D5. 교사(Who are the teachers?) 511
D5.1. 교사의 성별 분포(2018)(Gender distribution of teachers(2018)) 522
D5.2. 연령별 교사의 성별 분포(2018) 및 여성교사 비율(2005, 2018)(Gender distribution of teachers by age group(2018) and percentage of female teachers for all ages(2005 and 2018)) 523
D5.3. 교사의 연령 분포(2018)(Age distribution of teachers(2018)) 524
Annex 526
Annex 1. 교육체제의 특성(Characteristics of education systems) 526
X1.1. 교육단계별 통상적 졸업연령(2018)(Typical graduation ages, by level of education(2018)) 527
X1.2. 교육단계별 통상적 입학연령(2018)(Typical age of entry, by level of education(2018)) 528
X1.3. OECD 회원국 지표 산출을 위해 사용된 학년도와 회계연도(School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, OECD countries) 529
X1.4. OECD 파트너 국가 지표 산출을 위해 사용된 학년도와 회계연도(School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, partner countries) 530
X1.5. 의무교육 시작연령 및 종료연령, 교육단계별 시작연령 및 종료연령(2018)(Starting and ending age for students in compulsory education and by level of education(2018)) 531
Annex 2. 참고 통계(Reference statistics) 532
X2.1. 경상가격 기준 기초 참고 통계(기준연도: 역년 2005, 2012, 2015, 2017)(Basic reference statistics in current prices(reference period: calendar year 2005, 2012, 2015, 2017)) 533
X2.2. 기초 참고 통계(기준연도: 역년 2005, 2012, 2015, 2017)(Basic reference statistics(reference period: calendar year, 2005, 2012, 2015, 2017)) 534
X2.3. 전형적 자격을 갖춘 유아 및 초등교사의 경력별 법정 급여(2019)(Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries at different points in their careers, for teachers with the most prevalent qualifications defined at different points in teachers' careers(2019)) 535
X2.4. 전형적 자격을 갖춘 중등교사의 경력별 법정 급여(2019)(Secondary teachers' statutory salaries at different points in their careers, for teachers with the most prevalent qualifications defined at different points in teachers' careers(2019)) 536
X2.5. 자국 화폐 단위의 평균 실질 교사 급여(2000, 2005, 2010-2019)(Trends in average teachers' actual salaries, in national currency(2000, 2005, 2010 to 2019)) 537
X2.6. 교사 급여 산출에 사용된 참고 통계(2000, 2005-2019)(Reference statistics used in calculating teachers' salaries(2000, 2005 to 2019)) 539
X2.7. 교육단계별 최소 또는 전형적 자격의 교사 분포(2019)(Distribution of teachers by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education(2019)) 540
X2.8. 교육단계별, 교육이수별 25-64세 교사 분포(2019)(Distribution of teachers aged 25-64 by educational attainment and level of education(2019)) 541
X2.9. 교육단계별, 교육이수별 25-64세 학교장 분포(2019)(Distribution of school heads aged 25-64 by educational attainment and level of education(2019)) 542
Annex 3. 출처, 방법론, 주석(Sources, methods and technical notes) 544
용어사전(Glossary) 546
교육지표 포커스(Education Indicators in Focus) 559
판권기 564