표제지
목차
요약 5
SUMMARY 6
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 9
제1절 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성 9
1. 연구 목적 9
2. 연구의 필요성 9
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 11
제1절 국내 기술개발 현황 11
제2절 국외 기술개발 현황 11
제3장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 12
제1절 낙동강 하구 생태계 정밀 모니터링 12
1. 물리, 화학적 환경요인 12
2. 부유 및 저서생물 분포 특성 27
제2절 환경 변화가 하구 생태계에 미치는 영향 평가 35
1. 염분 변화에 따른 부유 및 수산생물 생리적 반응 평가 35
2. 하구역 해조류 생산성 변동 특성 및 자원생물 먹이원 분석 41
3. 남조류 노출에 따른 하구역 생물의 유해성 평가 46
4. 해양생물 군집구조의 중기변동 50
5. 환경 변화에 따른 하구생태계 구조 변동 53
제3절 섬진강 하구 생태계 비교 모니터링 55
1. 물리, 화학적 요인 55
2. 부유생물 분포 특성 62
3. 자연하구(섬진강)와 닫힌 하구(낙동강) 종합비교 66
제4절 낙동강 하구어장의 수산생산성 향상을 위한 정책 제안 68
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 71
제1절 목표 달성도 71
제2절 대표성과 및 기여도 71
1. 낙동강 하구역 생태계 회복을 위한 주요 요인 파악 71
2. 하구 어장 생산성 향상을 위한 어업인 소통 강화 71
제3절 관련분야 정책 자료 제공 72
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 73
제1절 추가연구의 필요성 및 계획 73
제2절 낙동강 하구 생태백서 발간 73
제6장 참고문헌 74
제7장 부록 76
판권기 78
Table 1. Seasonal variation in dominant phytoplankton species associated with historically disturbing artifact constructions in the Nakdong River estuary 30
Table 2. Mortality of zooplankton responding to salinity changes 38
Table 3. The relationships between surface area and fresh biomass and dry biomass in sheet form macroalgae 44
Table 4. Changes in dominant species of benthic animals in the Nakdong River estuary from 2013 to 2021 52
Fig. 1. Study sites for the Nakdong River estuary 12
Fig. 2. Mooring observation. Anchor bouy (left) and data loggers for water temperature and salinity 13
Fig. 3. Seasonal changes of water temperature in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream (inside of the barrier) is fresh water;... 14
Fig. 4. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean water temperature in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period. A, winter; B, spring; C, summer; D, fall 15
Fig. 5. Seasonal changes of salinity in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream (inside of the barrier) is fresh water; Middle and... 16
Fig. 6. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean salinity in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period. A, winter; B, spring; C, summer; D, fall 16
Fig. 7. Vertical structure of water temperature (upper) and salinity (lower). Data are seasonal mean values from the Nakdong River estuary during the study period.... 17
Fig. 8. The responses of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity depending on tide-induced fluctuations of the discharge in the Nakdong River estuary.... 17
Fig. 9. Daily variations in water temperature (A) and salinity (B) depending on the discharge in the Nakdong River estuary. Red line: surface, blue line: bottom.... 18
Fig. 10. Seasonal changes of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream (inside of the barrier) is fresh water;... 19
Fig. 11. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period. A, winter; B, spring; C, summer; D, fall 19
Fig. 12. Seasonal changes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream... 20
Fig. 13. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period.... 21
Fig. 14. Seasonal changes of dissoved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream... 21
Fig. 15. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period.... 22
Fig. 16. Seasonal changes in dissolved inorganic silicate (DISi) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream... 23
Fig. 17. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean dissolved inorganic silicate (DISi) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period.... 23
Fig. 18. Relationship between dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and salinity during the study period in the Nakdong River estuary 24
Fig. 19. Changes in salinity distribution of surface (A) and bottom waters (B) during high tide around the Nakdong River Estuary: results from numerical model 24
Fig. 20. Time series variations in salinity of current status (A) and the modeling result (B) around the Nakdong River estuary 25
Fig. 21. Effect of the floodgate opening event on salinity distribution around the Nakdong River Estuary in summer season. Average salinity during the study... 26
Fig. 22. Changes of the distribution of water column nutrients and dissolved oxygen after the floodgate opening event around the Nakdong River Estuary.... 26
Fig. 23. Seasonal variations in total phytoplankton abundance and composition in the Nakdong River. A, winter; B, spring; C, summer; D, autumn 28
Fig. 24. Seasonal variations in chl-a size composition in the Nakdong River. A, winter; B, spring; C, summer; D, autumn 29
Fig. 25. Changes in species composition of phytoplankton community depending on the floodgate opening event. A, July 2020; B, August 2020; C, July 2021 31
Fig. 26. Cluster analysis of zooplankton community before (A) and after (B) the floodgate opening event of the Nakdong River estuary in July 2020 32
Fig. 27. Abundances of fish eggs depending on years (A) and stations (B) in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period 33
Fig. 28. Abundances of fish larvae depending on years (A) and stations (B) in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period 33
Fig. 29. Species composition of fish larvae in Nakdong River estuary during the study period 34
Fig. 30. Distribution of benthic animals in the Nakdong River estuary during the study period 35
Fig. 31. Experiment for the effect of salinity changes on phytoplankton growth 35
Fig. 32. Effect of drastic salinity changes on phytoplankton growth 36
Fig. 33. Effect of chronical salinity changes on phytoplankton growth. A, faster (6hr); B, slow (9hr) 36
Fig. 34. Experiment for zooplankton mortality depending on salinity changes 37
Fig. 35. Changes in zooplankton mortality, Acartia omorii and Paracalanus parvus s.l., in response to salinity gradient 38
Fig. 36. Mortality changes of zooplakton Acartia omorii and Paracalanus parvus s.l. (A), and growth of adult and copepodite of A. omorii (B) in response to... 39
Fig. 37. Experiment for hen clam Mactra chinensis and butter clam Saxidomus purpuratus depending on salinity change 40
Fig. 38. Survivorship of Mactra chinensis (A) and Saxidomus purpuratus (B) in response to salinity changes 40
Fig. 39. Total yield production (A) and yield production per unit area (B) of cultured Pyropia yezoensis in the Nakdong River estuary, 2016~2021 41
Fig. 40. Variations in water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (A), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (B), and N:P ratios (C), and Pyropia yezoensis tissue... 42
Fig. 41. Pyropia yezoensis tissue photosynthetic pigment contents. Chlorophyll-a (A), total carotenoids (B), phycoerythrin (C), and phycocyanin (D). Data... 43
Fig. 42. Linear relationships between macroalgal thallus area and individual dry biomass (A-D), individual fresh biomass and dry biomass (E-F) in... 45
Fig. 43. Stable isotope biplot of hen clam Mactra chinensis and potential food sources 46
Fig. 44. Blue-green algal blooms in the Nakdong River estuary 47
Fig. 45. Experiment for the effect of blue-green algal density on Artemia survivor 47
Fig. 46. Relationship between Artemia mortality and blue-green algal density 48
Fig. 47. Experiment for the effect of blue-green algal density on hen clam Mactra chinensis survivor 49
Fig. 48. Survivorship of hen clam Mactra chinensis depending on blue-green algal density. A, control; B, test-1; C, test-2; D, test-3 49
Fig. 49. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of zooplankton from the Nakdong River estuary in winter and summer, 2011~2021. A, winter;, B, summer 50
Fig. 50. Number of species, individual and biomass of benthos from the Nakdong River estuary, 2013~2021. A, number of species; B, individuals; C, biomass 51
Fig. 51. Changes of the estuary range in the Nakdong River estuary. Before the barrage construction in 1987 (A), after the barrage construction, 1987~2012 (B)... 54
Fig. 52. Study sites for the Seomjin River estuary 55
Fig. 53. Seasonal changes of water temperature in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, surface; B, bottom 56
Fig. 54. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean water temperatures during the study period in the Seomjin River estuary. A, surface in spring; B, bottom in spring;... 56
Fig. 55. Seasonal changes of salinity in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, surface; B, bottom 57
Fig. 56. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean salinity during the study period in the Seomjin River estuary. A, surface in spring; B, bottom in spring;... 57
Fig. 57. Vertical structure of water temperature (A) and salinity (B). Data are seasonal mean values during the study period from the Seomjin River estuary 58
Fig. 58. Seasonal changes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, surface; B, bottom 59
Fig. 59. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period.... 59
Fig. 60. Seasonal changes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, spring; B, summer 60
Fig. 61. Horizontal distribution of seasonal mean phosphate (PO4-P) concentration in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, spring; B, summer 60
Fig. 62. Seasonal changes of dissolved inorganic silicate (DISi) concentration in the Nakdong River estuary. A, surface; B, bottom. Up: upper stream... 61
Fig. 63. Horizontal distribution of mean dissolved inorganic silicate (DISi) concentration in the Seomjin River estuary during the study period. A, spring; B, summer 61
Fig. 64. Comparison of the relationship between nutrient concentrations and salinity in the Nakdong River estuary (A) and the Seomjin River estuary (B) 62
Fig. 65. Seasonal variations of total phytoplankton abundance and composition in the Seomjin River estuary. A, surface in winter; B, bottom in winter;... 62
Fig. 66. Zooplankton abundance and composition in the Seomjin River estuary in spring (A) and summer (B) during the study period 63
Fig. 67. Jelly fish Blackfordis virginica collected by plankton net in the Seomjin River estuary in July 2021 64
Fig. 68. Jelly fish Blackfordis virginica after formaline fixation. Photographs were taken from the samples collected in the Seomjin River estuary in July 2021.... 64
Fig. 69. Abundances of fish eggs depending on years (A) and stations (B) from Seomjin River estuary during the study period 65
Fig. 70. Abundances of fish larvae depending on years (A) and stations (B) from Seomjin River estuary during the study period 66
Fig. 71. Species composition of fish larvae in Seomjin River estuary during the study period 66
Fig. 72. Comparison of estuary range between the Nakdong River estuary and the Seomjin River estuary 68
Fig. 73. Salinity gradients in the Seomjin River estuary (A) and the Nakdong River estuary (B) 69
Fig. 74. Current status of salinity gradients in Nakdong River estuary (A). Current discontinuous salinity gradient is predicted to persist even after restoration project plan (B) 69
Fig. 75. Recommended plan based on the present study in order to restore ecosystem function of the Nandong River estuary 70