표제지
목차
요약문 4
SUMMARY 5
제1장 연구개발 과제의 개요 8
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 10
제3장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 12
제1절 명태 양식기술 개발 12
1. 종자생산 안정화 및 중간육성기술 개발 12
2. 배합사료 개발 37
3. 가두리 양성 시험 44
4. 위탁연구과제(2018. 3.~11., 부산대학교 박장수, 50,000천원) [수온변화가 명태의 성 결정 및 온도 내성에 미치는 영향 분석] 44
5. 결론 50
제2절 대구 양식기술 개발 51
1. 자ㆍ치어 사육기술 개발 51
2. 어미 실내사육 기술개발 59
3. 결론 59
제3절 살오징어 인공종자생산 기술개발 60
1. 어미 사육 관리기술 개발 60
2. 유생 사육 기술개발 64
3. 결론 71
제4절 갑오징어 인공종자생산 및 현장적용 시험 71
1. 갑오징어 인공종자생산기술 개발 71
2. 현장적용 양성기술 개발 80
3. 결론 84
제5절 대문어 인공종자 생산기술 개발 85
1. 어미사육 및 산란 조사 85
2. 유생 사육기술 개발 86
3. 결론 95
제6절 참문어 인공종자 생산기술 개발 96
1. 어미사육 및 산란 조사 96
2. 유생 사육기술 개발 97
3. 결론 102
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 103
제5장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 105
제6장 참고문헌 106
제7장 부록 110
판권기 113
Table 1. Hematological parameters and cortisol index of grower walleye pollock reared at various temperatures for 16 weeks 13
Table 2. Median lethal temperature (LT50) of fertilized eggs, young and grower walleye pollock for 5 days (20g, 140g) 14
Table 3. Survival rate and growth of juvenile walleye pollock (5cm) reared at various salinities for 3 weeks 15
Table 4. Survival rate and weight gain of grower walleye pollock (20cm) reared at various salinities for 8 weeks 15
Table 5. Hematological parameters of grower walleye pollock (20cm) reared at various salinities for 8 weeks 15
Table 6. Proximate compositions of grower walleye pollock reared at various salinities for 8 weeks 16
Table 7. Fatty acids compositions of grower walleye pollock reared at various salinities for 8 weeks 16
Table 8. Amino acids compositions of walleye pollock reared at various salinities 17
Table 9. Ammonia excretion of walleye pollock with oxygen consumption at various salinities 18
Table 10. Mean swimming velocity of walleye pollock with changing salinity 18
Table 11. Survival rate and final length of larval walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 30 days 19
Table 12. Survival rate, final length, final weight, and SGR of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 6 weeks 19
Table 13. Survival rate, final length, final weight and SGR of grower walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 12 weeks 20
Table 14. Hematological parameters of grower walleye pollock reared at various light intensities 20
Table 15. Fatty acids composition of larval walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 30 days 20
Table 16. Fatty acids composition of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 6 weeks 21
Table 17. Proximate composition of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 6 weeks 21
Table 18. Fatty acids composition of grower walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 12 weeks 21
Table 19. Proximate composition of grower walleye pollock reared at various light intensities for 12 weeks 22
Table 20. Survival rate and final length of larval walleye pollock reared at various photoperiods for 30 days 22
Table 21. Survival, final length, final weight and SGR of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various photoperiods for 6 weeks 23
Table 22. Final length, final weight and SGR of grower walleye pollock reared at various photoperiods for 13 weeks 23
Table 23. Hematological parameters of grower walleye pollock reared at various photoperiods for 13 weeks 23
Table 24. Fatty acids composition of larval walleye pollock reared at various photoperiod for 30 days 24
Table 25. Fatty acids composition of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various photoperiod for 6 weeks 24
Table 26. Proximate composition of juvenile walleye pollock reared at various photoperiod for 6 weeks 25
Table 27. Fatty acids composition of grower walleye pollock reared at various photoperiod for 13 weeks 25
Table 28. Proximate composition of grower walleye pollock reared at various photoperiod for 13 weeks 25
Table 29. Fatty acids composition of rotifers enriched by various commercial products 27
Table 30. Fatty acids composition of Artemia enriched by commercial products 28
Table 31. Survival rate and mean total length of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by commercial products for 30 days 29
Table 32. Fatty acids composition of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by commercial products for 30 days 29
Table 33. Survival rate and mean total length of juvenile walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by different enrichments for 30 days 30
Table 34. Proximate composition of juvenile walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by different enrichments for 30 days 31
Table 35. EPA and DHA contents of rotifer enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA 32
Table 36. Fatty acids composition of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks 33
Table 37. EPA and DHA contents of Artemia enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA 34
Table 38. Fatty acids composition of juvenile walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks 36
Table 39. Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets (DM basis) 37
Table 40. Survival and growth rate, SGR (specific growth rate), and feed efficiency of young walleye pollock fed the experimental diets containing different protein... 37
Table 41. Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets (DM basis) 38
Table 42. Survival rate and growth, SGR, feed efficiency, protein conversion ratio of walleye pollock fed the experimental diets containing different lipid level for 8 weeks 38
Table 43. Compositions and contents of vitamin mix 39
Table 44. Ingredients of the experimental diets with different vitamin C contents 40
Table 45. Proximate composition of the experimental diets with different vitamin C content 40
Table 46. Final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate and feed efficiency of young walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different... 41
Table 47. Proximate composition of young walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 41
Table 48. Hematological parameters of young walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 41
Table 49. Final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate and feed efficiency of grower walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different... 42
Table 50. Proximate composition of grower walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 43
Table 51. Hematological parameters of grower walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 43
Table 52. Growth of walleye pollock reared in net cage and flow through system at each month 44
Table 53. Survival rate, growth and SGR (specific growth rate) of Pacific cod reared at various temperature for 12 weeks 51
Table 54. Median lethal temperature (LT50) of fertilized eggs of Pacific cod 52
Table 55. Survival rate of different size Pacific cod on feeding various number of Artemia 52
Table 56. Fatty acids composition of rotifers enriched by various n-3 HUFA concentration for 2 weeks 53
Table 57. Fatty acids composition of larval Pacific cod fed rotifers enriched by various n-3 HUFA concentration for 2 weeks 53
Table 58. Fatty acids composition of Artemia enriched by various n-3 HUFA concentration for 2 weeks 54
Table 59. Survival rate and final total length of larval Pacific cod fed rotifers enriched with different concentration of taurine and vitamin C 5% 54
Table 60. Fatty acids composition of larval Pacific cod 55
Table 61. Taurine and vitamin C content of enriched Artemia 55
Table 62. Survival rate and final total length of juvenile Pacific cod fed Artemia enriched by different concentration of taurine and vitamin C 5% for 30 days 55
Table 63. Fatty acids composition of juvenile Pacific cod 56
Table 64. Amino acids composition of juvenile Pacific cod 56
Table 65. Proximate composition of juvenile Pacific cod 56
Table 66. Survival rate and weight gain of young Pacific cod fed experimental diets for 8 weeks 58
Table 67. Feed consumption, feed efficiency and specific growth rate (SGR) of young Pacific cod fed experimental diets for 8 weeks 58
Table 68. Hematological parameters of young Pacific cod fed experimental diets for 8 weeks 58
Table 69. Changes of gonadosomatic index (GSI) with temperature 62
Table 70. Development rate of artificial fertilized eggs 64
Table 71. Hatching rate of artificially fertilized eggs 65
Table 72. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs with stocking density 65
Table 73. Survival rate of T. pacificus at days after hatching with diets type (1st) 67
Table 74. Survival rate of T. pacificus at days after hatching with diets type (2nd) 68
Table 75. Survival rate of squid at days after hatching with mixed diets type (3rd) 68
Table 76. Fatty acids composition of eggs, 0 dah and 6 dah paralarvae 69
Table 77. Hatching rate of attached eggs 72
Table 78. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of adult cuttlefish hatched at 2018 73
Table 79. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs with sex ratio 74
Table 80. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs with changing water temperature 75
Table 81. Intake by the food type of juvenile cuttlefish 75
Table 82. Artemia intake of juvenile cuttlefish after hatching 76
Table 83. Mass culture condition of cultured Artemia 76
Table 84. Rearing conditions of outdoor culture tank for rearing cuttlefish in 2020 80
Table 85. Investigation of growth of cuttlefish in outdoor culture tank in 2020 82
Table 86. Investigation of growth of cuttlefish in outdoor culture tank in 2021 83
Table 87. Investigation of growth of cuttlefish in indoor culture tank 84
Table 88. Giant Pacific octopus spawning amount at each water temperature in 2020 85
Table 89. Giant Pacific octopus spawning amount at each water temperature in 2021 86
Table 90. Hatching rate of giant Pacific octopus fertilized eggs at each water temperature 86
Table 91. Survival days and growth by food type 88
Table 92. Fatty acid analysis results of giant Pacific octopus larvae according to the type of enrichment sources and rearing age 90
Table 93. Time requirement for embryonic development and hatching rate at each water temperature 98
Table 94. Age-specific growth of octopus larvae at each density 99
Fig. 1. Survival rate and growth of larval walleye pollock reared at various temperatures for 12 weeks 12
Fig. 2. Survival rate and growth of grower walleye pollock reared at various temperatures for 16 weeks 13
Fig. 3. Survival rate of fertilized eggs, young and grower walleye pollock (20, 140g) reared at various temperatures for 27 days (A) and 7 days (B, C) 14
Fig. 4. Oxygen consumption of immature walleye pollock at various salinities 17
Fig. 5. Oxygen consumption of walleye pollock with size and each saline conditions 18
Fig. 6. Highly unsaturated fatty acids contents of rotifers enriched by various commercial products 26
Fig. 7. HUFA contents of Artemia enriched by various commercial products 27
Fig. 8. Physiological parameters, immunity and digestive enzymes of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by six different enrichment products for 30 days.... 30
Fig. 9. Physiological parameters of juvenile walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by different enrichments for 30 days. (A) GH, (B) IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth... 31
Fig. 10. Survival rate (A), final length (B) and EPA requirements (C) of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks 33
Fig. 11. Physiological parameters of larval walleye pollock fed rotifers enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks. (A) GH, (B) IGF-1 (Insulin-like... 34
Fig. 12. Survival rate (A), weight gain (B) and EPA requirements (C) of larval walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks 35
Fig. 13. Physiological parameters of larval walleye pollock fed Artemia enriched by various concentration of EPA and DHA for 4 weeks. (A) GH, (B) IGF-1 (Insulin-like... 36
Fig. 14. Growth rate (A), feed efficiency (B) and feed consumption (C) of young walleye pollock fed experimental diets with deficiency of each vitamin 39
Fig. 15. GH (A), IGF-1 (B), SOD (C) of young walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 42
Fig. 16. GH (A), IGF-1 (B) and SOD (C) of grower walleye pollock fed the experimental diets with different vitamin C content for 8 weeks 43
Fig. 17. Blood plasma samples of female and male G. chalcogrammus and recombinant VTG protein 8% SDS-PAGE (A); lane 1: female, lane 2: male, lane 3:... 45
Fig. 18. LC-MS analysis (samples without 17beta-estradiol detected and with 17beta-estradiol detected) from blood plasma in October 45
Fig. 19. Analysis of the gonadal tissues from mature males (A) and females (B) with theirs histological analyses. SPZ indicates spermatozoa, Sc indicates... 46
Fig. 20. Detection of cyp19a and SOX9a in gonads of walleye pollock 46
Fig. 21. Gene comparison with partial sox9a 46
Fig. 22. Sox9a and cyp19a mRNA expression in the juvenile walleye pollock (10cm) 47
Fig. 23. HSP70 nucleotides and amino acid sequences in walleye pollock. HSP70 of walleye pollock had 2,349 nucleotides in full length with an open reading... 48
Fig. 24. HSF1 nucleotides and amino acid sequences in walleye pollock. HSF1 of walleye pollock had 2713 nucleotides in full length with an open reading frame... 49
Fig. 25. HSP70 mRNA level of walleye pollock (10cm) 49
Fig. 26. HSP70 mRNA level of walleye pollock (20cm) 49
Fig. 27. HSF1 mRNA level of walleye pollock (A) and electrophoresis at 14℃ (B) (10cm) 50
Fig. 28. HSF1 mRNA level of walleye pollock (A) and electrophoresis at 14℃ (B) (20cm) 50
Fig. 29. Total length of Pacific cod at each temperature for 4 weeks 51
Fig. 30. Survival rate and total length of larval Pacific cod fed rotifers enriched by various n-3 HUFA concentration for 2 weeks 53
Fig. 31. Survival rate and total length of larval Pacific cod fed Artemia enriched by various n-3 HUFA concentration for 2 weekss 54
Fig. 32. Survival rate, weight gain, growth rate and SGR of Pacific cod feeding various diet for 12 weeks. Feeding oyster, blue; Feeding shrimp, red 59
Fig. 33. Matured Pacific cod 59
Fig. 34. Flow through system tank (A), Recirculating Aquaculture tank (B). For squid rearing 61
Fig. 35. Survival rate of squid at each stocking density 61
Fig. 36. Survival rate of squid with treatment and without of antibiotic 62
Fig. 37. Survival rate of squid under the two antibiotic concentrations 62
Fig. 38. Natural spawned egg mass (A) and eggs (B). A, damaged egg mass; B, eggs in egg mass 63
Fig. 39. Natural spawned egg mass (A) and dead broodstock squid after spawning (B) 63
Fig. 40. Natural spawned egg mass (left) and paralarva (light). Bar = 1mm 64
Fig. 41. Days to 50% mortality of T. pacificus paralarvae with stocking densities 65
Fig. 42. Development of Todarodes pacificus, from 1 day to 7 days after hatching (dah) 66
Fig. 43. Survival days on different feed source. (A) 4th, (B) 5th, (C) 6th 69
Fig. 44. Survival rate of T. pacificus paralarva with diets (left) and light colors (right) 70
Fig. 45. Changes of water temperature in natural rearing conditions 70
Fig. 46. Spawning results under the each differents net sizes 72
Fig. 47. Mature cuttlefish. (A) female, (B) male 73
Fig. 48. Survival rate of cuttlefish with changing temperature 77
Fig. 49. Days to 50% mortality of cuttlefish with changing salinity 77
Fig. 50. Days to 50% mortality of immediately after hatching cuttlefish with changing temperature (starved) 78
Fig. 51. Days to 50% mortality of a month after hatching cuttlefish with changing temperature (feeding) 78
Fig. 52. Feed intake rate of juvenile cuttlefish at various temperature 78
Fig. 53. Survival rate of juvenile cuttlefish at various temperature 79
Fig. 54. Daily feed intake of juvenile cuttlefish at different temperature 79
Fig. 55. Survival rate of juvenile cuttlefish at different temperature 80
Fig. 56. Water temperature changes of outdoor culture tank in 2020 (Hobo data logger at 15:00 with all experimental duration) 81
Fig. 57. Water temperature changes of outdoor culture tank in 2021 (Hobo data logger at 15:00 with all experimental duration). Full line, rearing tank; dotted line,... 81
Fig. 58. Live feed of outdoor culture tank. (A) Neomysis intermedia (Apr), (B) Prawns (Jun~Jul), (C) Asian shore crab (Jun~Jul), (D) Juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Jul),... 82
Fig. 59. Changes of temperature and salinity in indoor culture tank (measured by YSI Pro Plus) 83
Fig. 60. Survival rate of paralarvae in non-fed condition at each water temperature 86
Fig. 61. Days to 50% mortality of paralarvae in non-fed condition at each water temperature 86
Fig. 62. Results of gene expression analysis related to stress and growth factors of giant Pacific octopus. (A), HSP70, (B) NRF2, (C) IGF-II 87
Fig. 63. Survival rate of paralarvae at each saline conditions 88
Fig. 64. Survival rates of giant Pacific octopus floating larvae by foods. (A) frozen krill+frozen mysid+venus clam+enriched Artemia (5mm), (B) frozen krill+frozen... 89
Fig. 65. Survival rate of giant Pacific octopus according to the type of enrichment sources (commercial products) 90
Fig. 66. Results of water quality analysis in rearing tanks for floating larvae. (A) Silicate (SO₂), (B) Phosphate (PO₄), (C) Nitrate (NO₃), (D) Total nitrogen (TN),... 91
Fig. 67. Developmental stage and maximum age in days of the planktonic period from hatching to settlement for every year 92
Fig. 68. The number of Vibrio spp. (CFU, Colony Forming Units) of dead giant Pacific octopus at each day after hatching 93
Fig. 69. 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Vibrio spp. Isolated from live and dead of paralarvae 94
Fig. 70. The number of Vibrio spp. in the food source of giant Pacific octopus 95
Fig. 71. The number of infiltration (A) and spawning populations (B) for each spawning substrate of common octopus 96
Fig. 72. Developmental process of common octopus eggs. (A) epiboly, (B) eye spot formation, (C) chromatophore appearance, (D) hatching paralarvae 97
Fig. 73. Survival rate of hatching paralarvae at each water temperature 98
Fig. 74. Survival rates of common octopus paralarvae at each density 99
Fig. 75. The number of Vibrio spp. of dead common octopus larvae at each day after hatching 99
Fig. 76. The number of Vibrio spp. of food scraps (left) and dead zoea (right) in the larval tank 100
Fig. 77. The number of Vibrio sp. in rearing water (left) and normal larvae (right) 100
Fig. 78. DEG analysis. Distribution of DEGs by incubation stage. (A) volcano plot, (B) hierarchical clustering analysis 101
Fig. 79. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of transcriptome of common octopus larvae 101
Fig. 80. Rearing results of common octopus larvae at each year. Bar=2mm 102