영문목차
Preface to the Second Edition=xi
From the Preface to the First Edition=xiv
1. Religion in Psychological Perspective=1
The Prevalence and Scope of Religion=2
Religion in Action=4
Psychological Questions about Religion=6
What is Religion?=7
Religion as a Reconnection=7
Personal and Social Religion=8
Religious Function and Religious Substance=9
Religious Function=9
Religious Substance=10
The Variety of Religious Behaviors=11
Defining Religion in Psychological Research=12
Dimensions of Religious Commitment=14
Religious Belief (the Ideological Dimension)=15
Religious Practice (the Ritualistic Dimension)=16
Religious Feeling (the Experiential Dimension)=18
Religious Knowledge (the Intellectual Dimension)=19
Religious Effects (the Consequential Dimension)=20
The Dimensions in Combination=20
Status and Utility of the Multidimensional Schema=21
Psychological Approaches to Religion=22
Complementary Viewpoints Within Psychology=23
Where Can We Look for the Processes Underlying Religiousness?=24
Location 1: Unconscious Mental Processes and Personality=25
Location 2: People's Behavior as Conditioned by Rewards, Punishments, and Modeling Influences=26
Location 3: People's Values and Needs for Growth, Fulfillment, and Meaning=26
Locations 4 and 5: Social Forces, Cognitive Mechanisms, and the Interaction between the Two=27
Relevance of the Possible Bases of Religion=28
Is the Psychology of Religion Valid?=28
Is Religion Unique?=29
Implications of the Various Positions=30
Approach and Plan of the Book=31
Orientations=32
Limitations=32
Organization=33
Projects and Questions=34
Further Reading=35
2. Historical and Theoretical Developments=37
The Early Period: An Impressive Start=38
Starbuck and the "Either/Or" Philosophy=39
James=41
The Middle Period: Factors Contributing to the Decline=42
Theoretical Interlude=47
Classical Theories and Their Questions=47
Some Stimuli to Current Research=48
The Contemporary Period: The Reemergence of the Field=49
Indicators of the Trend=50
Is Psychology of Religion Influencing General Psychology?=51
Reasons for the Trend=52
Projects and Questions=54
Further Reading=54
3. Research in the Psychology of Religion=55
Philosophy of Science for Psychology of Religion=56
Tensions between Psychology and Religion=56
The Nature of Psychological Science=57
Scientific Inquiry through Different "Worlds"=57
Induction, Deduction, Verification/Falsification: The Research Cycle=58
An Example from Physics=59
An Example from Psychology of Religion=60
Illustration of Language Rules=61
Determinism, Causality, Probability=61
Naturalism and Religion=63
Multiple Accounts of Religious Behavior=63
Maps and Theories=63
Multiple Viewpoints and the Fallacy of "Nothing But-ery"=64
"Explaining" versus "Explaining Away"=65
The Role Psychology Can Fulfill=66
Post-Modernism and the Psychology of Religion=66
Methods of Researching Religion=68
Strategies and Methods=68
The Individual and People in General: The Ideographic and Nomothetic Approaches=68
Phenomenology=70
Content Analysis=71
Questionnaires and Surveys=72
Naturalistic Studies=73
Studying Deviant Groups=73
Experiments=74
Measuring Religion=76
Simple Identification=76
Factors and Scales=77
Which is Best?=79
Further Reading=79
4. Religious Development in Children=81
Psychological Research on Religious Development=82
The Nature of Childhood Religion=84
Perception, Language, and the Meaning of Symbols: Cognitive Mechanisms=84
Family, Social Context, and Personal Needs: Social Learning and Attachment Processes=86
Practice versus Belief=89
Cognitive Factors in Moral Development=90
Piaget's Two Stages of Moral Reasoning=90
Piaget's Three Stages of Cognitive Development=91
Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Judgment=91
Scoring Moral Reasoning Level=94
Critique of Kohlberg's Model=94
Stages of Religious Development=95
Elkind's Stage Theory=96
Research on Religious Stages=97
Religious Stages in Prayer=101
Perceptions of God and Retardation=102
Conclusions=102
The Meaning of Childhood Commitments=103
Projects and Questions=103
Further Reading=104
5. Religious Development Through the Lifespan: Adolescence and Adulthood=105
Religion in Adolescence=106
Global Measures of Religiousness=106
Doubt=107
Secret Doubt and Hidden Observers=110
Models of Lifespan Religious Development=111
Development of Religious Judgment: The Double Helix Model=112
Stages of Faith Development=116
Sequence of Motives: Religion as Used, Lived, and a Quest=120
Are Stage Models Valid?: An Assessment=122
Psychological Processes Prompting Adolescent Religious Development=124
Paradox=124
Cognitive Factors=125
Social Factors=126
Personal Factors=126
Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood and Old Age=127
How Religious are Adults?=129
Baseline Data on Religion and Spirituality=129
Age-Trajectory Data=130
Spirituality and Functional Religious Development=135
Projects and Questions=137
Further Reading=137
6. Religious Conversion=139
Prevalence and Definition of Conversion=141
Popular Opinion=141
The Prevalence of Conversion=142
The Definition Issue=144
Conversion Types=146
Sudden and Gradual Conversion=146
Sudden Conversion=146
Gradual Conversion=147
Religious Socialization=147
Comparison of Conversion Types=148
Conversion Process Models=149
Lofland and Stark's Step Model of Conversion=150
Motives Are Important: Glock's Expansion of Sect-Church Theory=151
The Relief Effect and Group Processes=155
The Conversion-as-Creativity Analogy=156
A Systemic Stage Model=157
Choice and the Cause of Conversion=160
Psychological Issues in Conversion=161
Religion as Crutch: The Psychopathology Issue=161
Role of Emotions=162
The Convertible-Type Issue=163
The Ripe-Age Issue=164
Conversion as Attitude Change=165
Some Recent Social Issues=166
Two Meanings of "Cult"=166
"Snapping" and Brainwashing=167
Immunity and Resistance=169
Deprogramming=172
Projects and Questions=173
Further Reading=174
7. Religion and Experience=175
Relations between Religion and Experience=176
Experience: The Bottom Line=176
Ordinary and Extraordinary Experience=178
Experiential Responses to Religion=179
Phenomenological Descriptions of Becoming Religious=180
Rapid Growth=180
Unification of a Divided Self=180
A Change of Direction=181
An Act of Surrender=181
Conversion, Values, and Purpose in Life=182
Measuring Purpose in Life=182
The Value Survey=182
Purpose in Life as Related to Values=183
The Experience of Purpose in Life=184
Religious and Mystical Experience=187
The Common Core Thesis and the Problem of Language=187
Theories of Religious Experience=188
Religion-as-Schema=189
Cognitive-Arousal Theory and the Attribution of Religious Meaning=190
Attachment Theory=193
Brain-Mind=194
What Facilitates Religious Experience?=195
Religious Orientation and Subjective Experience=195
Situational Facilitators=197
Projects and Questions=198
Further Reading=198
8. Religious Orientation, Attitudes, and Behavior=199
Religion and Morally Relevant Attitudes=200
Living One's Religion versus Using It=201
The Intrinsic Orientation=201
The Extrinsic Orientation=202
I versus E, or I and E?=202
The Four Possible Types=204
Importance of I-E Concept=205
The Extrinsic and Indiscriminate Mentalities=205
Religious Orientation and Prejudice=206
Religion's Grand Paradox=206
The Curvilinear Relationship between Churchgoing and Prejudice=207
I-E and Prejudice=208
Personal Needs, Cognitive Style, and the Religion-Prejudice Relationship=209
Religious Orientation and Subjective Experience=210
I-E and Purpose in Life=210
Tentative Conclusions about the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Constructs=211
Religion and Social Behavior=213
The Good Samaritan Experiment: Evidence for Situational Factors in Helping=214
Rationale=214
The Study=214
Results=215
The Rescuers: Evidence for Personal Factors in Helping=216
Religion and Negative Behavior=219
Factors that Facilitate Harming=219
Religion and Obedience to Hurtful Commands=219
Does Religion Predict Behavior?=222
Re-evaluating I-E Research: Quest and Fundamentalism=224
Social Desirability and the Quest Measure=225
Has I-E Outlived Its Usefulness?=227
Authoritarianism and Fundamentalism=229
Projects and Questions=231
Further Reading=232
9. Religion, Health, and Well-Being=233
Impressions of Religion and Psychopathology=235
Religious Material in Psychic Disturbance=235
Religious Symbolism in Psychotic Speech=235
Mental Illness in Religious Leaders=237
The Strange Behavior of Some Religious Followers=237
Opinions of Experts=238
Is the Conclusion Warranted?=238
Relativity of Mental Health=239
Religion and Normal Personality=240
Early Childhood Factors=240
Authoritarianism and Dogmatism=241
Suggestibility and Hypnotizability=244
Intelligence and Achievement=246
Summary=247
Religion, Mental and Physical Health, and Well-Being=248
Religion and Mental Health=249
Anxiety and Inadequacy=249
"Hard" versus "Soft" Measures of Mental Health=251
Religious Orientation=252
Competence and Coping=253
Physical Health=254
Fear of Death=257
Spiritual Well-Being and Loneliness=258
Counseling=259
What Conclusions Can Be Drawn?=259
Projects and Questions=260
Further Reading=260
10. Evaluation and New Directions=263
General Evaluation=264
Areas and Issues=264
Religious Development=264
Conversion and Experience=264
Religious Orientation=266
Religion, Health, and Well-Being=267
Cross-Topic Themes=267
Psychology and Religion Are Complementary=267
Religion is a Multidimensional Variable=268
Religion is a Value-Laden Topic=269
Method and Theory=269
Psychology of Religion and General Psychology=269
References=271
Author Index=292
Subject Index=298