영문목차
PART I. PROLOGUE=1
Chapter 1. Introduction=3
China
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
PART II. CHINA=19
Chapter 2. The Political and Economic Background=19
After Tianenmen Square
Recent Historical Overview
Structure of Government
Judiciary
The Status of Independent Labor Unions - Control and Suppression
The Five Conflict Periods
Economic Overview
The Structure of Employment
Labor Reform-Contract Employment
Wage Reforms
Labor Force Surplus and Unemployment
Worker Attitudes
Increasing Worker Discontent and Union Impotence
Official Optimism
Economic and Political Realities
Threats to Political Stability
Effects of Bankruptcy
Chapter 3. The Industrial Relations Scene: The Players, Problems, and Prospects=41
The ACFTU
State Enterprises
Enterprise Management Reform
Results of Reform
The Pace Slows Temporarily
The Effects of Bankruptcy
Migrant Labor
Successful Measures - Developing Towns and Cities
Township and Village Enterprises
A Policy Solution
The Absence of Collective Bargaining
Workers Congresses - Worker Participation in Democratic Management
The Ministry of Labor (MOL) and Personnel (MOP)
Labor Mobility
Chapter 4. The ACFTU, Labor Law, and Labor Reform=59
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU)
The Continuation of Party Control
The 1992 Trade Union Act - Toward Freedom of Association? International Reaction
The Revised 1993 Trade Union Law
The ICFTU Complaint
Unions in Foreign-Invested Enterprises (FIEs)
The New Labor Law
Wage Guidelines to Be Instituted
Contractual Arrangements in Foreign-Invested Enterprises
Termination of Employment
Worker Rights
ACFTU Objectives
ACFTU Accomplishments
Progress in Tianjin
Unionization of Rural Workers
Nonrecognition and Party Control
The ITF Position
Obstacles to Overcome
Evaluation of Labor Reform
The ACFTU - Representation or Rhetoric?
Chapter 5. The Law, Contracts, Strikes, and Dispute Settlement=77
The Collective Contract
Prelude to Collective Bargaining
The Labor Contract System
Recent Status of Collective Bargaining
Problems in Foreign-Invested Enterprises:
Few Firms Have Unions
Lack of Official Support
ACFTU Reluctance to Act
The Conflict hetween Law and Regulations
Resignation
Termination
Union Involvement in Terminations
Autonomy in Labor Matters
Recruiting State Workers
Preference for Nationals
Provisions of the New Labor Law
Strikes and Work Stoppages
Antistrike Legislation - A Lack of Uniformity
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
A Short History of Labor Arbitration
Causes of Industrial Unrest
Next U.S.-China Dispute Area - Labor Rights
Chapter 6. Worker Rights Issues=95
Wages
The Wage System
Minimum Wages
Enforcement
Late Payment and Fines
Wage Increases
Guidelines
The Ninth Five-Year Plan
Income Disparities
The Cadre Survey
Hours of Work
Many Overtime Violations
Temporary Workers
The Five-Day Work Week
Working Conditions
Industrial Accidents
Mine Safety
The Shenzhen Situation
Safety and Health Measures
Occupational Diseases
The Plight of Women Workers
The Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence
Hours Violations
Housing
Overt Discrimination against New Graduates
Slow-Track Promotion
Township and Village Enterprise Opportunities
Retirement Bias
Assessment of Legal Protection for Women
Child Labor
Age Discrimination
Forced Labor
Unemployment
Unemployment Reduction Plans
Unemployment Insurance
Social Security Reform
Pension Developments
State Enterprise Pension Reform
Health Insurance
Policy Cohesion
Freedom of Association
The Shenzhen Unions
Unions in Joint Ventures
Future Prospects
PART III. INDONESIA=133
Chapter 7. A Political, Economic, and Demographic Qverview=133
Basic Demographic Features
Historical Overview
The Constitution
International Relations
The Sixth Term
The Parliament
Local Government
The Judiciary
Political Parties
Other Political Forces
Increased Political Control
1994 - A Year of Labor Turmoil
Discrimination Banned - Or Is It? A Female Challenger
The Indonesian Economic Landscape
The" Berkeley Mafia"
Worker Rights Issues
Accomplishments and Future Plans
An Emerging Middle Class?
A Competitive Wage Advantage
Labor Force Trends and Requirements
Near Term Outlook
Strikes and Worker Rights
Chapter 8. Unions, Employers, and Labor Market Developments=153
Background
Independent Union Status
The SBSI and Its Suppression
The February 11th Strike
The Merger Suggestion
Other Labor Organizations:
PGRI
SPSI
Seafarers' Union (KPI)
Workers Cooperative Movement (INKOPKAR)
Collective Bargaining Requirements
Employers' Organizations
Employers and the Minimum Wage
Labor Force Trends
Significance of Education
Women Workers
Underemployment
Informal Sector
Employment of Expatriates
Labor Exportation
An Assessment
Chapter 9. The Legal Framework=181
Recent Wage Developments
Exemption Requests
Employer-Employee Income Differentials
Fringe Benefits
Health and Safety
Retirement Programs
Social Security
Freedom of Association Requirements
Regulatory Changes
The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The Right to Strike and Dispute Settlement
Rights and Standards - The Reality
Chapter 10. Labor Disputes and International Pressures=197
Strikes and Their Aftermath - 1991-94
The Medan Riots
The Scene in 1995
An Early Warning - The IGGI Complaint
The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
Indonesian GSP Participation
Indonesia and Past GSP Reviews
Pressure from the ICFTU
The Arrest of Muchtar Pakpahan
The European Union Letter
The ILO Complaint
The Role of the Military - The Marsinah Case
Potential Outcomes
PART IV. THAILAND=219
Chapter 11. The Institutional Background=219
The Government
The Evolution of Executive Power
Political Forces
The Military Influence
International Relations and Defense
The Educational and Skill Crisis
Bureaucratic Intervention
Expatriate Recruitment
An Economic Overview
Labor Force Composition
Skill Shortages
Income Inequality
Wages and Prices
Inflation
The Role of the Government
Ethnicity and Religion
The Industrial Relations Setting
The Ministry of Labor:
The Department of Employment Services
The Department of Public Welfare
The Department of Skill Development
The Department of Labor Protection and Welfare
The Office of Social Security
The Social Security System
Labor and Political Action
Two Scenarios: Power and Impotence
Thai Overseas Workers
Foreign Workers in Thailand
Analysis
Chapter 12. The Labor Law Framework=241
Labor Law and Practice
Specific Legislative Coverage
SELRA Amendments
Strikes and Lockouts
Employment Contracts
Unions and Associations
Tripartite Dispute Settlement
Part-Time and Temporary Help
Wages, Salaries, and Fringe Benefits
Shifts
Female and Child Labor
The Provident Fund
Social Security Controversy
Recent Amendments
A Final Caveat
Chapter 13. Labor - Management Relations=255
The Effects of Negotiation of the 1991 Legislation
The 1994 Draft Legislation
Strikes
The Impact of the Labor Court
The State Enterprise Labor Relations Committee
Union Structure and Membership
Firm Size
Wildcat Strikes and Selective Lockouts
Allegations of Employer Wrongdoing
The Consequences of Mechanization - The Thai Kriang Strike
Organizing and Bargaining Rights
Union Leadership Problems
Subcontracting
Temporary Employment
Conclusions
Chapter 14. Worker Rights Issues=269
The Minimum Wage, 1995
National Wage Committee Hearing
The Employer Proposal
Opinion of Labor Experts
The Labor Position
A Reevaluation
Other Wage Pressures
Joint Venture Labor Problems
The State Enterprise Employee Controversy
Repercussions
Workplace Safety and Health
The Kader Fire
High Accident Rates
Occupational Health Problems
The Investigation
The Government's Retaliatory Response
Positive Consequences
The Workmen's Compensation Act of 1994
Efforts, Problems, and Prospects
Child Labor - An Overview
Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
A Complex Issue
Child Prostitution
AIDS and Children
Remedial Efforts
Women in the Labor Force
Female Labor Problems
Cultural and Social Attitudes
Women in Manufacturing Employment
Legislative Protection
Positive Legal Developments
The Prostitution Problem
Union Impotence
Privatization
The 1990 Port Strikes
Mixed Results
The Challenge of Privatization
Chapter 15. International Developments=299
Minimum International Labor Standards
ILO Conventions
The Role of the United States
Arguments Pro and Con
Child and Forced Labor in Thailand
Positive Measures
The ICFTU Sanctions
U.S. Trade Threats
Worker Safety and the SELRA
The SELRA Amendments
Linkage of Worker Rights with International Trade
The ASEAN Position
The ILO Report - A Welcome Surprise
The Applicability of GSP to Thailand
A Chronology of Foreign Experience - The Middle East
Corruption Problems
Problems in Japan
The Situation in Taiwan
The Brunei Situation
Singapore
Hong Kong
Illegal Aliens
PART V. MALAYSIA=325
Chapter 16. Political Events, Economic Facts, and Demographic Variables=325
The Political Structure
The Legislature
Recent History
The Right of Association
Succession Speculation
Money Politics
Unions and Politics
Government-Labor Relations
A Demagogic Appeal
The Economic Picture
An Economic Success Model
The Labor Force and Employment
Labor Shortages
Women in the Workforce
Foreign Workers
Demographic Variables
Ethnic Problems - The NEP and NDP Solutions
Changes in Employment Structure
Continuing Ethnic Frictions
A Prognosis
Chapter 17. The Law and the Reality=341
The Statutory Framework
The DGTU's Authority
Organizational Restrictions
Significant Amendments
Free Trade Zone Coverage
The Electronics Industry Situation
Dispute Settlement
The Industrial Court Proceedings
Strike Procedures
Wages and Wage Councils
Bonuses
The MEF Survey
Occupational Safety and Health
The Employee Provident Fund
Government Pension Program
Mandatory Retirement
Dismissal and Termination
The MEF Position
Labor Law Review Request
Chapter 18. Labor Relations: Structure, Process, and Practice=365
Declining Membership
The Three Federations
Union Rivalry
Government Regulation
An MTUC About Face
Need for Tripartism
An In-House Union Chronology
Collective Bargaining
The Industrial Master Plan
The Banking Agreement
Collective Bargaining Arguments
A Positive Scenario
An Evaluation of Events
Chapter 19. Unresolved Issues=381
Unions in Electronics
The History of Labor Relations
The Harris and Hitachi Cases
Claims and Counterclaims
An International Comparison
Flexiwages
Union Opposition
The MEF Proposals
The Breakthrough in Mining
The End of an Idea
The Lim Proposal
Continued Discord
The EPU Proposal
The New Remuneration System
Costs, Anomalies, and Union Protests
Impact on Grievance Machinery
Necessity for Review
The Plight of the Plantation Workers
The Guest Worker Program
Definitional Exclusion
Wage Levels
Contract Labor
An Evaluation
Chapter 20. Malaysia and the World Scene=401
The GSP Program
Chronology of the GSP Petitions
The Trade-Labor Rights Linkage
The MTUC Position
A Split in Labor Ranks
The MEF Stance
The "Social Clause"
ILO Assistance
The MTUC and the Social Clause
ASEAN Objections
Malaysia and Minimum Labor Standards
Closing Comments
Epilogue: Findings and Reflections=411
References=437
Index=455