영문목차
Table of Cases=xv
Table of Statutes=xxix
Table of Statutory Instruments=xxxv
Table of International Instruments=xxxvii
PART 1=3
1. THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 AND THE MEDIA=3
THE CONVENTION=3
THE POSITION UNDER ENGLISH LAW BEFORE THE ACT CAME INTO FORCE=5
THE SCHEME OF THE ACT=6
THE MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE ACT=6
Interpretation=6
Redress for unlawful acts of public authorities=12
Time limit for bringing an action=13
Remedies=13
Impact of the Act=14
THE CONVENTION RIGHTS=14
The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights to Art 8 and Art 10=16
The right to freedom of expression (Art 10)=20
Journalists' sources=22
Duties and responsibilities=22
The development of a right to privacy in the wake of the Human Rights Act 1998=27
2. REMEDIES=33
PRIVATE LAW=33
(a) Monetary compensation=33
(b) Delivery up=42
(c) Injunctions=42
PUBLIC LAW=54
Judicial review=54
3. DEFAMATION=59
THE CIVIL LAW=59
What is defamation?=60
Determinillg whether the meaning is defamatory: applying the tests=63
The claimant's burden of proof in defamation actions=73
Identification=73
Publication=76
Libel and slander=76
Who may sue for defamation?=77
Who may be sued?=81
The defence of innocent publication=82
Defamation and limitation=86
OTHER DEFENCES TO DEFAMATION CLAIMS=86
Defences involving proof of truth: justification and fair comment=86
Justification: statements of fact=86
Fair comment: statements of opinion - 'the critic's most valuable defence'=91
Privilege=97
Absolute privilege=97
Qualified privilege=98
The meaning of malice=98
DUTY AND INTEREST: A DEFENCE FOR PUBLICA TIONS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST?=107
An analysis of the Court of Appeal and House of Lords' judgments=108
The relationship between malice and qualified privilege=114
Offer of amends defence=117
Consent=121
Summary procedure=121
THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE=122
APPLICA TION BY THE COURT OF THE OVERRIDING OBJECTIVE=123
COURT'S DUTY TO MANAGE CASES=123
Parliamentary privilege=125
REMEDIES=127
Damages=127
Injunctions=136
Apology=137
International defamation=137
The Conventions=138
Non-Convention States=139
Further guidance=140
A right to a jury trial?=142
THE CROMINAL LAW=146
Leave to prosecute=148
4. MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD=153
ESTABLISHING MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD=153
The defendant has published an untrue statement of fact about the claimant=153
The defendant published the words maliciously=153
The words have caused the claimant pecuniary loss as a natural and direct result of the publication=154
MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD-SOME TERMINOLOGY=156
Trade libel (also known as slander of goods)=157
Slander of title=157
Other types of malicious falsehood=157
Remedies for malicious falsehood=162
5. BREACH OF CONFIDENCE=167
The basis of the action for breach of confidence=168
Defining the action=169
Identifying the confidence=170
The 'necessary quality' of confidence=171
Breach of confidence and particular types of=confidential
information=172
Injunctions to restrain the publication of information which is or will shortly be in the public domain=180
The information must have been imparted in circumstances importing an obligation of confidence=184
Unauthorised disclosure of the confidential information=199
Who can sue for breach of confidence?=200
The disclosure of confidential information in the public interest=201
Breach of confidence and privacy=212
6. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION=215
COPYRIGHT, DESIGN RIGHT, MORAL RIGHTS AND PERFORMERS' RIGHTS=215
(a) Copyright=215
Copyright works=217
Originality=224
Fixation=225
Copyright in ideas=226
Copyright in titles, slogans, catchphrases and character names=227
Copyright in conversations and interviews=229
Copyright in a recording of a literary, dramatic and musical work=229
Duration of copyright-a guide=230
Who owns copyright?=231
Dealings with copyright works=237
Infringements of copyright=242
Has there been a reproduction of the work?=244
Issuing copies of the work to the public=250
Renting or lending the work to the public=251
Performing, showing or playing the work in public=252
Broadcasting the work or including it in a cable programme service=252
The making of an adaptation of the work=253
Secondary infringements=255
Acts of secondary infringement=255
Permitted uses of copyright works=257
Other permitted uses=270
Protecting your copyright=276
Avoiding copyright infringement: a case study=277
CRIMINAL OFFENCES=279
COPYRIGHT IN DATABASES AND DATABASE RIGHT=279
Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations=1997
SI 1997/3032 ('the Regulations')=279
PUBLICATION RIGHT=281
THE FUTURE: COPYRIGHT AND DIGITAL MEDIA=282
Amended proposal on copyright and related rights in the infonnation society (COM (99) 250 final)=282
(b) Moral rights=285
Perfomance rights=292
7. THE PROTECTION OF TELEVISION FORMATS=297
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION=297
Copyright works=297
Copyright infringement=299
Hints and tips under copyright law=299
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE=300
The obligation of confidence=300
8. PRIVACY AND THE MEDIA=303
THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY: WHAT IS PROTECTED?=303
The law in England pre-Human Rights Act=306
RIGHT TO PRIVACY OF CERTAIN PHOTOGRAPHS AND FILMS=307
HARASSMENT=308
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997=308
Harassment and the common law=309
DATA PROTECTION=310
INDIRECT PROTECTION FOR PRIVACY VIA THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERESTS IN LAND=310
THE REGULATION OF THE INTERCEPTION OF COMMUNICATIONS=312
REPORTING RESTRICTIONS AND THE COURTS=313
PRIV ACY BY ANY OTHER NAME=313
PRIV ACY AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998=314
PRIV ACY AND THE REGULATORY CODES=315
The press=315
Private places=319
Children=321
The Broadcasting Standards Commission=321
The ITC Code=323
The BBC producers' guidelines=324
The Committee of Advertising Practice Code of Practice=325
Judicial review, the Codes and privacy=325
THE ROLE OF THE CODES OF PRACTICE IN THE FUTURE=328
9. DATA PROTECTION AND THE MEDIA=331
THE DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998=331
Terminology=331
The Data Protection Commissioner=334
The data protection principles=334
The first data protection principle=334
The fair processing code=335
The second data protection principle=340
The third principle=341
The fourth principle=341
The fifth principle=341
The sixth principle=341
The seventh principle=341
The eighth principle=342
The rights of the data subject in relation to the processing of personal data=342
Exemptions under the Act=344
A summary of the Commissioner's powers under the provisions of the Act=348
10. THE MEDIA AND OPEN JUSTICE=351
REPORTING COURT PROCEEDINGS=351
CONTEMPT OF COURT - PREJUDICING A FAIR TRIAL=351
(a) Strict liability contempt - the Contempt of Court Act 1981=351
Substantial risk and serious prejudice - the law in practice=353
Substantial risk of serious prejudice - applying the test=354
Publicity during the trial=361
Proceedings which do not take place before a jury=361
Defences to the strict liability rule=362
(b) Common law contempt=365
Contempt of court and the Human Rights Act 1998=368
Penalties for strict liability and intentional contempt=369
REPORTING RESTRICTIONS=370
Open justice=370
Postponing media reports=373
Anonymity for victims of sex offences=376
Committal hearings=377
CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS=378
Civil proceedings=378
Criminal proceedings=378
REPORTING RESTRICTIONS AND INTIMIDATED AND VULNERABLE PERSONS=381
11. DISCLOSURE OF JOURNALISTS' SOURCES=385
Hints and tips for the media=397
12. MORALITY AND THE MEDIA: OBSCENITY, INDECENCY, BLASPHEMY AND SEDITION=399
OBSCENITY=399
INDECENCY OFFENCES=407
Common law=407
Statutory indecency offences=410
BLASPHEMY (OR BLASPHEMOUS LIBEL)=416
SEDITIOUS LIBEL=420
BROADCASTERS AND TASTE AND MORALITY=421
13. GOVERNMENT SECRECY AND FREEDOM OF INFORMATION=423
OFFICIAL SECRETS=423
Statutory restraints=423
The Official Secrets Act 1911=423
Section 1 of the Official Secrets Act 1920=426
The Official Secrets Act 1989=426
The DA notice system=434
14. CHARACTER MERCHANDISING AND ENDORSEMENTS=435
CONTROLLING THE USE TO WHICH AN IMAGE IS PUT=435
THE LEGAL RESTRICTIONS=436
(a) Defamation=436
(b) Malicious falsehood=437
(c) Copyright and moral rights=438
(d) Design rights and merchandising=441
(e) Passing off=449
(f) Registered trade mark registration=456
(g) The Trade Descriptions Act 1968=459
(h) The advertising codes of practice=459
15. COMPETITIONS=463
WHAT IS A LOTTERY?=463
Example of an illegal lottery=463
How to ensure that a promotion is not an illegal lottery=464
Ensuring that prizes are not distributed by chance=464
Removal of the requirement for contribution=465
The criminal offences relating to lotteries=467
Who can be liable?=468
PART 2=471
16. EXTRA-JUDICIAL REGULATION OF MEDIA CONTENT=471
THE PRESS COMPLAINTS COMMISSION AND THE EDITORS' CODE OF PRACTICE=471
THE BROADCASTING STANDARDS COMMISSION=478
Advertising=481
THE INDEPENDENT TELEVISION COMMISSION CODES OF ADVERTISING STANDARDS AND PRACTICE AND PROGRAMME SPONSORSHIP=485
THE ITC CODE OF ADVERTISING STANDARDS AND PRACTICE=488
General principles=488
THE RADIO AUTHORITY ADVERTISING AND SPONSORSHIP CODE=489
The Codes and the courts=489
Benefits of the regulatory system=491
PART 3=497
17. TYPICAL CONTRACTUAL PROVISIONS=497
BOILERPLATE CLAUSES=497
Entire agreement clause=497
Choice of governing law clause=498
Choice of jurisdiction clause=498
Arbitration clause=498
Service of notices=498
Severance=498
LICENCE AGREEMENTS=499
The parties=500
The territory covered by the licence=500
The licence term=500
Termination provisions=500
The rights which are being licensed=501
The consideration for the grant of the licence=501
Obligations on the licensee=502
Warranties from the licensor=503
Moral rights=503
PROVISIONS IN A TYPICAL BOOK PUBLISHING CONTRACT=504
The rights granted to the publisher by the author=504
The date for delivery of the book to the publishers=504
The conditions for acceptance and approval of the book=504
by the publisher=504
Competing works=504
Warranties and indemnities=505
Reservation of the right to alter the book=506
Rights clearance=506
A procedure for correction of proof copies of the book=506
Consideration payable to the author=507
ASSIGNMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS=524
ASSIGNMENT=524
CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS=528
ADVERTISING AGENCY AGREEMENTS=529
The agency's duties towards the client=529
18. CLEARING RIGHTS=533
GENERAL POINTS=533
Copyright=533
Moral rights=535
Clearance of music and sound recordings=536
Clearing film clips=540
Clearance issues and insurance cover=541
Index=543