영문목차
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS=xix
GLOSSARY=xxi
ABBREVIATIONS=xxvi
A NOTE ON THE TEXT=xxxi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS=xxxiii
PREFACE=xxxiv
MAPS=xxxvii
Map 1. Japan's administrative districts, US bases in Japan and basic statistics on Japan=xxxvii
Map 2. Japan and East Asia=xxxviii
PART I. JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT, WHY AND HOW=1
1. The significance of Japan's international relations=3
1.1. Debates on Japan's international relations=4
1.1.i. Metaphors of change=4
1.1.ii. Metaphors of challenge=4
1.1.iii. Metaphors of contradiction=7
1.2. Why Japan matters: economics, politics and security=8
1.2.i. Economics=8
1.2.ii. Politics=10
1.2.iii. Security=12
1.2.iv. A tri-dimensional perspective=13
1.3. Why Japan matters: regional and global perspectives=13
1.3.i. United States=13
1.3.ii. East Asia=14
1.3.iii. Europe=16
1.3.iv. Global institutions=17
1.3.v. Balancing regional and global perspectives=18
1.4. Paradigmatic paradoxes?=18
1.4.i. Japan's role: what, why and how=18
1.4.ii. Japan's international relations as normal=20
1.5. Summary=21
2. Explaining Japan's international relations=23
2.1. Methodology=24
2.2. Historical overview: from the Chinese world order to the post-Cold War period=25
2.2.i. Chinese world order=25
2.2.ii. Imperial world order=27
2.2.iii. Cold War order=29
2.2.iv. Post-Cold War period=32
2.2.v. Dominant historical patterns of Japan's international relations=36
2.3. Determinants of Japan's international relations: structure, agency and norms=37
2.3.i. Theoretical approach=37
2.3.ii. International structures=39
2.3.iii. Domestic agency=40
2.3.iv. Norms=65
2.4. Reactivity and proactivity=69
2.4.i. Reactivity and immobilism=69
2.4.ii. Proactivity=70
2.4.iii. Normal reactivity and proactivity of the Japanese state=71
2.5. Normal modes of instrumentalization=71
2.5.i. Crisis and long-term policy-making=71
2.5.ii. Formal, informal and proxy channels=72
2.5.iii. Sources of quiet diplomacy=74
2.5.iv. Cultural determinism?=74
2.5.v. Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral levels=75
2.6. Instrumentalizing policy=75
2.6.i. Primacy of economic power=76
2.7. Summary=78
PART II. JAPAN-UNITED STATES RELATIONS=79
3. Introduction=81
3.1. Changing places?=82
3.2. Approach=82
3.3. Historical overview=83
3.3.i. Changing international structures=83
3.3.ii. Changing domestic order=84
3.3.iii. Changing domestic society=86
3.4. Summary=88
4. Japan-United States political relations=89
4.1. Overview=90
4.2. Changes in the structure of the international system=91
4.2.i. Normalization of relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics=92
4.2.ii. Japan's response to the Vietnam War=93
4.2.iii. Normalization of relations with China=94
4.2.iv. Opportunities of multipolarity=95
4.2.v. Opportunities and constraints of renewed bipolarity=96
4.2.vi. Opportunities and constraints of the post-Cold War period=98
4.3. Domestic society=101
4.3.i. Americanization of the academic community=101
4.3.ii. Public opinion=101
4.4. Summary=102
5. Japan-United States economic relations=105
5.1. Overview=106
5.2. Trade relations=106
5.2.i. Trade conflicts=109
5.3. Investment relations=113
5.3.i. Manufacturing investment=114
5.3.ii. Finance=115
5.4. Japan, the United States and regional projects=118
5.4.i. North American Free Trade Agreement=118
5.4.ii. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation=119
5.5. Clash of developmental and liberal economic norms=120
5.6. Summary=122
6. Japan-United States security relations=123
6.1. Overview=124
6.2. Interpreting the security treaty=124
6.3. Cold War period=126
6.3.i. International setting and domestic agency=126
6.3.ii. Balancing internal and external pressures=127
6.4. Post-Cold War period=136
6.4.i. Implications of the Cold War's ending=136
6.4.ii. 'Reaffirmation' or 'redefinition' of the security treaty?=139
6.4.iii. Revised Guidelines for United States-Japan Defence Cooperation=140
6.4.iv. 'Situations in areas surrounding Japan'=141
6.4.v. Theatre Missile Defence=142
6.4.vi. United States bases in mainland Japan=143
6.4.vii. United States bases in Okinawa=143
6.5. Summary=145
7. Conclusion=147
7.1. The changing nature of Japan-United States relations=148
7.2. Continuing strength of bilateralism=148
7.3. Salience of other norms=149
7.4. Dominant pattern of Japan-United States relations=149
PART III. JAPAN-EAST ASIA RELATIONS=151
8. Introduction=153
8.1. Japan and the rejoining and remaking of East Asia: Association of Southeast Asian Nations + 3=154
8.2. Approach=155
8.3. Historical overview 1945-56: the origins of structural barriers to Japan-East Asia interaction=156
8.3.i. Legacy of colonialism=156
8.3.ii. National division=157
8.3.iii. Cold War bipolarity=158
8.3.iv. Fragmentation of the East Asian regional political economy=159
8.3.v. Japan's isolation from East Asia=160
8.4. Summary=161
9. Japan-East Asia political relations=163
9.1. Overview=164
9.2. Japan and China=164
9.2.i. Japan's approach towards China: structure, agency and norms=164
9.2.ii. Sino-Japanese relations and normalization in the first Cold War period=165
9.2.iii. Sino-Japanese relations in the 1980s=168
9.2.iv. Tiananmen Square incident=169
9.2.v. Sino-Japanese political relations in the post-Cold War period=170
9.3. Japan and the Korean Peninsula=173
9.3.i. Japan's approach towards North and South Korea: structure, agency and norms=173
9.3.ii. Japan-South Korea relations in the Cold War period=174
9.3.iii. Japan-North Korea relations in the Cold War period=176
9.3.iv. Japan-South Korea relations in the post-Cold War period=178
9.3.v. Japan-North Korea relations in the post-Cold War period=180
9.4. Japan and Southeast Asia=183
9.4.i. Japan's approach towards Southeast Asia: structure, agency and norms=183
9.4.ii. Japan and Southeast Asia in the Cold War period=184
9.4.iii. Japan and the Vietnam War=185
9.4.iv. Japan and the emergence of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations=186
9.4.v. Japan-ASEAN relations in the post-Cold War period=188
9.4.vi. East Asian Economic Caucus=190
9.5. Summary=191
10. Japan-East Asia economic relations=193
10.1. Overview=194
10.2. Japan's economic re-entry and presence in East Asia=194
10.2.i. Official Development Assistance=194
10.2.ii. Foreign direct investment=195
10.2.iii. Trade=196
10.3. Japan and the economic development of the East Asia region=198
10.3.i. Developmental models=198
10.3.ii. Propagation of developmental norms=200
10.3.iii. Criticisms of the developmental state model=201
10.4. Japan and the East Asian economic crisis=202
10.4.i. East Asian financial and economic crises=202
10.4.ii. Japan's perceived responsibility for the crises=203
10.4.iii. Japan's regional response and the Asian Monetary Fund=204
10.4.iv. New Miyazawa Initiative=205
10.5. Summary=206
11. Japan-East Asia security relations=207
11.1. Overview=208
11.2. The pattern of Japan's security policy in East Asia=208
11.2.i. Structure, agency and norms in Japan's security role in East Asia=208
11.2.ii. Japan's alternative security agenda=209
11.3. Japan and East Asian security in the Cold War period=210
11.3.i. Japan and Southeast Asia=210
11.3.ii. Korean Peninsula=211
11.3.iii. China=212
11.3.iv. Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the Cold War period=214
11.4. Japan and East Asian security in the post-Cold War period=215
11.4.i. Changes in the post-Cold War international structure=215
11.4.ii. Complexity of the post-Cold War security agenda=215
11.4.iii. Japan's bilateral security links with East Asia in the post-Cold War period=216
11.4.iv. Japan and multilateral security in East Asia in the post-Cold War period=217
11.4.v. United States-Japan alliance and regional security in the post-Cold War period=219
11.4.vi. Japanese economic power and security policy in the post-Cold War period=223
11.5. Summary=224
12. Conclusion=225
12.1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations + 3 revisited=226
12.2. Japan's reconstruction of an East Asia region=226
PART IV. JAPAN-EUROPE RELATIONS=229
13. Introduction=231
13.1. Obuchi calls for a new currency era=232
13.2. From early encounters to defeat in World War II233
13.3. Core states of Europe=235
13.4. Divided continent=236
13.5. European Economic Community=236
13.6. Summary=237
14. Japan-Europe political relations=239
14.1. Overview=240
14.2. Japan and the community of Europe=240
14.2.i. Fall of the Berlin Wall=241
14.2.ii. Consolidating links with the European Community=241
14.3. Policy-making actors=242
14.3.i. Policy-making agents=243
14.3.ii. Political parties=244
14.3.iii. Business interests=244
14.3.iv. Non-governmental organizations=245
14.3.v. The European Commission Delegation in Tokyo=245
14.4. Divide and rule? Japan and the European Union member states=246
14.4.i. Japan's promotion of shared interests with the European Union=246
14.4.ii. Japan's promotion of multilevel engagements with the European Union=247
14.4.iii. Standardized approach to the European Union=247
14.5. Japan and peripheral Europe=248
14.6. Expanding dialogue with Europe=249
14.7. Cooperating in regional fora=249
14.7.i. Multilateral opportunities=249
14.7.ii. Asia-Europe Meeting=250
14.8. Emerging norms: new trilateralism=252
14.8.i. Trilateral Commission=252
14.8.ii. New trilateralism=253
14.9. Summary=254
15. Japan-Europe economic relations=257
15.1. Overview=258
15.2. Economic relations with the European Union=258
15.2.i. Japan as an emerging challenge during the 1970s and 1980s=258
15.2.ii. Responding to structural changes=260
15.2.iii. Anti-dumping=261
15.2.iv. 'Screwdriver' problems=262
15.3. Post-Cold War economic relations=262
15.4. Domestic actors=263
15.4.i. Policy-making agents=263
15.4.ii. Other policy-making actors=265
15.4.iii. Business interests=266
15.5. National differences of perception and reception=267
15.5.i. Types of market=267
15.5.ii. Reception by host government=268
15.5.iii. Links with the European Union=270
15.6. Peripheral Europe=271
15.7. Institutions=273
15.8. Trilateralism=274
15.9. Summary=274
16. Japan-Europe security relations=277
16.1. Overview=278
16.2. Cold War structures=278
16.3. Post-Cold War changes=280
16.4. Facing a converging European security agenda=280
16.4.i. Shared security interests=281
16.4.ii. Peacekeeping operations=282
16.5. Bilateral security dialogue=282
16.6. Peripheral Europe=283
16.7. Multilateral cooperation=284
16.7.i. North Atlantic Treaty Organization=284
16.7.ii. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe=284
16.7.iii. United Nations=285
16.7.iv. G7/8=286
16.7.v. ASEAN Regional Forum=287
16.7.vi. Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization=287
16.8. Domestic actors=288
16.8.i. Policy-making agents=288
16.8.ii. Non-governmental organizations=289
16.9. Changing security norms=290
16.10. Summary=291
17. Conclusion=293
17.1. Trilateral agenda=294
17.2. Balancing relations=294
17.3. Tripolar competition=294
17.4. Triangular unity=295
17.5. Supplemental strategy=296
PART V. JAPAN-GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS=297
18. Introduction=299
18.1. Renewed internationalism=300
18.2. From Versailles to the San Francisco peace treaty=302
18.3. Post-war reintegration of Japan=304
18.4. Summary=307
19. Japan-United Nations=309
19.1. Overview=310
19.2. United Nations reform=311
19.2.i. United Nations Security Council=311
19.2.ii. Japanese initiatives=314
19.3. Representation=316
19.3.i. Personnel=316
19.3.ii. United Nations University=318
19.4. Economics=318
19.4.i. Funding=318
19.4.ii. Development=321
19.4.iii. Environmental issues=322
19.5. Security=323
19.5.i. Peacekeeping=323
19.5.ii. Disarmament=327
19.6. Summary=328
20. Japan-economic institutions=331
20.1. Overview=332
20.2. Historical context=333
20.3. Financial contributions=334
20.4. Japanese representation=335
20.4.i. World Bank=335
20.4.ii. International Monetary Fund=336
20.4.iii. World Trade Organization=337
20.5. Japan as a norm entrepreneur=338
20.6. The East Asian Miracle report=339
20.7. Policy-making process=341
20.7.i. Ministry of Finance=341
20.7.ii. Other actors=342
20.8. Trade conflict=343
20.9. Summary=346
21. Japan-G7/8=347
21.1. Overview=348
21.2. Economic issues=349
21.2.i. Management of the global economy=349
21.2.ii. Debt relief=350
21.3. Expanding the G7=351
21.3.i. Russian reconstruction=351
21.3.ii. From G7 to G8=353
21.4. Japan, East Asia and the G7/8=354
21.4.i. Japan as regional leader=354
21.4.ii. East Asian participation=355
21.5. Promotion of security=356
21.5.i. Traditional security=356
21.5.ii. New security challenges=357
21.6. Policy-making process=358
21.6.i. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Finance=358
21.6.ii. Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Bank of Japan=359
21.6.iii. Big business and opposition parties=359
21.6.iv. Prime minister=359
21.6.v. Domestic issues=360
21.7. Summary=361
22. Conclusion=363
22.1. Assuming global responsibilities=364
22.2. Internationalist future?=365
PART VI. JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: WHAT NEXT?=367
23. Japan explained=369
23.1. Japan: no longer an enigma=370
23.2. Japan-United States relations=370
23.2.i. What?=370
23.2.ii. Why?=371
23.2.iii. How?=372
23.3. Japan-East Asia relations=372
23.3.i. What?=372
23.3.ii. Why?=373
23.3.iii. How?=373
23.4. Japan-Europe relations=374
23.4.i. What?=374
23.4.ii. Why?=374
23.4.iii. How?=374
23.5. Japan-global institutions=375
23.5.i. What?=375
23.5.ii. Why?=375
23.5.iii. How?=376
23.6. Japan: the aikidomacron state=376
23.6.i. Crisis and long-term policy-making=377
23.6.ii. Formal, informal and proxy channels=378
23.6.iii. Bilateral, regional and multilateral levels=379
23.7. Summary=380
24. Japan: the challenge of globalization=383
24.1. Overview=384
24.2. Globalization and the tri-dimensional approach=384
24.2.i. Political dimension=384
24.2.ii. Economic dimension=385
24.2.iii. Security dimension=385
24.3. Globalizing agents=386
24.3.i. Political dimension=386
24.3.ii. Economic dimension=386
24.3.iii. Security dimension=387
24.4. Globalizing norms=387
24.4.i. Political dimension=387
24.4.ii. Economic dimension=388
24.4.iii. Security dimension=388
24.5. Globalization and quiet diplomacy=388
24.6. Challenges for Japan=390
CHRONOLOGY OF JAPAN AND WORLD AFFAIRS 1933-2002=393
BIBLIOGRAPHY=423
TABLES=441
APPENDICES=462
0.1. Internet sources=462
1.1. Constitution of Japan - Preamble and Article 9=466
1.2. Post-war prime ministers of Japan=468
1.3. Security Treaty between the United States and Japan 1951=469
1.4. Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan 1960=471
2.1. Constitution of Japan - Article 66=474
4.1. Bilateral visits between Japan and the United States=475
6.1. Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security 1996=476
9.1. Joint Communiqueacutea of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China 1972=481
9.2. Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China 1978=484
9.3. Japan-China Joint Declaration on Building a Partnership of Friendship and Cooperation 1998=486
9.4. Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea 1965=490
9.5. Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration 1998=504
9.6. Joint Declaration Issued by Korean Workers' Party, Liberal-Democratic Party and Japan Socialist Party 1990=510
11.1. Defence exchanges with East Asia=512
14.1. Joint Declaration on Relations between the EC and Japan 1991=517
21.1. Meetings of heads of state and government of the G7/8=520
INDEX=521