영문목차
Introduction to the Series=vii
1. Introduction=1
2. Some Empirical Observations: The Scope of the Nonprofit Sector=3
3. Theories of NPO Formation=19
4. Models of NPO Behavior: Comparisons with PMOs=31
5. Models of NPO Behavior: Ideology, Resources and Competition=50
6. Comparisons with Other Profit-Constrained Firms=62
7. Public Bureaucracy and Private Nonprofits=69
8. Policy Issues=77
Bibliography=93
Index=101
Introduction=1
PART ONE: THEORY
1. Labor Allocation and Incentives=13
2. Capital Allocation and Investment=56
3. Other Theoretical Issues=79
PART TWO: APPLICATIONS
4. Self-Management Theory and the Yugoslav Economy=103
5. Collective Farms and Communes=119
6. Other Examples=143
References=171
Index=185
1. National Economic Organization and Technological Innovation-Some General Considerations=1
2. Institutional Characteristics of Research, Development and Innovation in the USSR: An Outline=19
3. Structural Similarities and Differences between East and West=36
4. RDI Inputs and Outputs=51
5. Synthesis and Conclusions=86
References=90
Index=99
Abbreviations=ix
2. Institutional and Policy Context=2
Institutional Determinants of Foreign Trade Behavior=4
Policy Determinants of Foreign Trade Behavior=9
3. Foreign Trade Decisionmaking=14
The Efficiency of Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate=14
The CPE Offer Curve=22
Other Issues=31
4. Foreign Trade and the Macroeconomy=38
System-Determined Statistical Problems in Macroeconomic Analysis=38
Internal and External Balance=41
5. Economic Reform and Foreign Trade=48
Institutional Arrangements of the Modified Planned Economy=49
Foreign Trade Decisionmaking in the MPE=52
Foreign Trade and the Macroeconomy=55
6. Summary=63
References=66
Index=75
Preface=ix
List of Figures and Tables=xi
1.1. Development of the idea of planning=1
1.2. Emergence of central planning in the Soviet Union=4
1.3. The 1930s debate on the feasibility of planning: critical review=9
2. Planning as a Resource Allocation Mechanism=17
2.1. Definition of planning: a descriptive approach=17
2.2. Definition of planning: analytic approach=27
2.3. Decentralisation=36
3. Information and Incentives=47
3.1. Horizontal and vertical information flows=47
3.2. Aggregation of information=54
3.3. Incentives and bonuses=64
3.4. Game-theoretic approaches to planning=74
4. Organisational Structure of a Planned Economy=80
4.1. Alternative organisational forms=80
4.2. Branch and regional structures=91
4.3. Organisational structure and economic change=99
5. Planning and the Macroeconomy=109
5.1. Central planning and shortage=111
5.2. Internal and external balance=117
5.3. Innovation, investment and growth=128
Bibliography=138
Index=145
Introduction to the Series=ix
1.1. Approaches to the study of comparative economics=1
1.2. Outline of the monograph=6
2. Initial Concepts and Building Blocks=8
2.1. Primitive terms=8
2.2. Economic systems and system rules=10
2.3. Organizations=14
2.4. Types of organizations=16
2.5. Preferences and values of participants in an economy=22
2.6. Prices, money, markets=26
2.7. Micro- and macro-coordination=36
2.8. Internalities and externalities=37
3. Technical-Administrative and Agency Problems in Organizations=42
3.1. Method and approach=42
3.2. Behavioral assumptions=44
3.3. Common themes in organizations=45
3.4. Hierarchy and common organizational practices=54
3.5. Organizational goals and interaction within organizations=68
3.6. Variations in the structure and behavior or organizations=70
4. Types of Organizations: Households, Firms and Government Organizations=73
4.1. Control and agency problems in various types of organizations=73
4.2. Households=74
4.3. Proprietary firms=77
4.4. Employee-owned firms=85
4.5. Resource-pooling firms=98
4.6. User-oriented (stakeholding and fiduciary) firms=100
4.7. Government organizations=106
5. Superorganizations=121
5.1. The coordination of firms through centralized planning=122
5.2. Resource-pooling firms and other superorganizations operating in a market economy=131
5.3. Franchising=137
5.4. Superorganizations and their component firms=139
6. Coalitions in Organizations: Labor Unions=141
6.1. Power in organizations=141
6.2. The formation of coalitions=143
6.3. Labor unions as organizations=145
7. Comparative Macroeconomics=153
7.1. Claims, credit and banks=153
7.2. National government policies=158
7.3. Fiscal and monetary policies=161
7.4. Macroeconomic accounting=165
7.5. Banks and firms=168
7.6. Foreign economic relations=171
8. Aggregate System Performance and Comparisons=174
8.1. The determinants of outcomes=174
8.2. Welfare comparisons=175
8.3. Quantitative comparisons=179
9. System Change=182
9.1. A road map to system change=182
9.2. Sources of system change=182
9.3. Systems viewed as organic wholes: partial versus comprehensive change=188
9.4. Components of system change=191
9.5. Initial conditions: legacies and obstacles to change=196
9.6. Systems and policies=201
9.7. Concluding comments=203
Bibliography=205
Index=218