영문목차
List of maps=xiv
List of figures=xvi
List of tables=xviii
List of charts=xxii
Preface=xxiii
List of abbreviations=xxvi
Commerce, communications, and the origins of the European economy=1
From the end of Rome to the origins of the European economy=2
The changing context of Carolingian commerce=6
Early medieval writers' attitudes toward merchants=12
Early medieval communications=15
The road ahead=19
PART I. THE END OF THE WORLD=25
1. The end of the ancient world=27
1. Long-term trends in the late Roman economy=28
2. People and food=30
3. Population health=38
2. Late Roman industry: case studies in decline=42
1. Metal extraction and production=42
2. The ceramic industry=53
3. Land and river communications in late antiquity=64
1. Routes, ships, and men=64
2. Land communications and the closing of the overland corridors=67
3. River communications and the case of the Rhocircumflexne route=77
4. Sea change in late antiquity=83
1. Transport and commerce=83
2. Public money and private ships=87
3. Ports, ships, and cargoes=92
4. Secular change 1: the flow of goods=98
5. Secular change 2: the transformation of late Roman shipping=103
The end of the ancient economy: a provisional balance sheet=115
PART II. PEOPLE ON THE MOVE=123
5. A few western faces=129
1. Jerusalem pilgrims=129
2. Ambassadors to Constantinople=138
3. Comparisons=147
6. Two hundred more western envoys and pilgrims: group portrait=151
1. Basic facts=151
2. Geographic characteristics=153
3. Social profile=158
4. Under way=168
7. Byzantine faces=174
1. The ambassador=175
2. The missionaries=181
3. The pilgrims=197
8. Easterners heading west: group portrait=211
1. Basic facts=212
2. Geographic characteristics=213
3. Social profile=224
4. Under way=227
9. Traders, slaves, and exiles=237
1. Traders, slaves, and politicos=237
Traders=237
Slaves=237
Politicos: exiles, refugees, and hostages=254
2. Invisible travelers: immigrants, seamen, fishermen, and wanderers=261
3. Fictional travelers=267
People on the move=270
PART III. THINGS THAT TRAVELED=281
10. Hagiographical horizons: collecting exotic relics in early medieval France=283
1. The problem of early medieval relics=283
2. Collecting relics at Sens=290
Changing geographic patterns=292
3. Collecting relics at Chelles=308
Early efforts=310
The age of Charlemagne=312
11. "Virtual" coins and communications=319
1. On the tracks of the mancosus=323
Farfa=326
Dinars on the Adriatic rim=330
Dinars elsewhere in Italy=335
2. Silver mancosi=337
12. Real money: Arab and Byzantine coins around Carolingian Europe=343
1. Arab coins=344
2. The Spanish and Viking groups=345
3. Byzantine coins in and around Carolingian Europe=351
4. Sardinia=354
5. The Rhocircumflexne and Rhine corridors=357
6. The Adriatic rim=361
7. The Amber Trail=369
Things that traveled=385
PART IV. THE PATTERNS OF CHANGE=391
13. The experience of travel=393
1. Land=394
2. The sea=402
Terror of storms: environment and technology=403
Ships and their equipment=404
Convoys and fleets=411
How big were the ships?=415
3. Operational issues=418
Landings=418
Styles of navigation=422
In port=425
Aboard ship=426
Danger=428
14. Secular rhythms: communications over time=431
1. New data, new questions=432
2. The edd and flow of Mediterranean movement=433
15. Seasonal rhythms=444
1. Seasonality of land travel=445
2. The seasons of the sea=450
The monthly patterns of movements=452
Two marginal months: April and October=454
Winter=458
Winter sailing close up=462
Another factor=464
16. Time under way=469
1. Duration of embassies and speed of travel=470
2. Speed of land travel=474
3. Traveling to Italy=476
4. Speed of sea travel=481
5. Reconstructing some early medieval voyages=483
The transport of Pope Martin I to Constantinople, A.D. 653=483
Some other early medieval voyages=488
6. A ninth-century shift?=491
17. "Spaces of sea": Europe's western Mediterranean communications=501
1. The ancient trunk route from Italy to the Aegean=502
2. Southern rim: communications between the Maghreb and the Muslim center=508
3. Southern links: from Africa to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea=511
4. Northern links: Tuscany, the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, and Liguria=515
18. Venetian breakthrough: European communications in the central Mediterranean=523
1. Venetian breakthrough=523
2. The reopening of the Gulf of Corinth=531
3. Home ports and the regional structure of shipping routes=537
19. New overland routes=548
1. The revival of the Balkan and Danube routes=549
The Danubian corridor=553
The Balkan corridor=557
2. The northern arc=562
The patterns of change=565
PART V. COMMERCE=571
20. Early medieval trading worlds=573
1. Imagining trading worlds=573
2. Trading worlds beyond the Carolingian empire=580
The south: Mediterranean trading worlds=582
West and east: new trading worlds=604
The northern arc=606
21. Where are the Merchants? Italy=614
1. The problem of Carolingian merchants=614
2. Merchants and markets in southern Italy=618
3. Merchants in northern Italy=630
22. Merchants and markets of Frankland=639
1. Royal toll stations=640
2. Merchants, tolls, and rivers=644
3. Expanding horizons: the Seine basin and the fair of St. Denis=647
4. Ships and traders on the Rhine=653
The economic lessons of Rhenish pottery=656
A movable market?=663
23. Connections=670
1. Northern and eastern European connections=670
2. Southern European connections=674
Spain=674
Trade across the Alps=678
Money movements across the Alps=681
3. The view from Iraq=688
24. Where are the wares? Eastern imports to Europe=696
1. Bulk wares inside Carolingian Europe=698
2. The problem of papyrus and the Alps=704
3. Drugs: the spice of life=708
4. A liturgical imperative=716
5. Silk=719
25. European exports to Africa and Asia=729
1. Lumber, fur, and arms=729
2. Europeans=733
The language of slavery=734
Two changes=738
Getting slaves=741
The economics of slave trading=752
3. Geography of the European slave trade=759
At the origins of the European economy=778
Appendices
1. Checklist of Mediterranean travelers, 700-900=799
2. Mentions of mancosi to 850=811
3. Catalogue of Arab and Byzantine coins in the west=815
4. A register of Mediterranean communications, 700-900=852
Bibliography=973
Primary sources=973
Secondary sources=991
Index=1048