영문목차
PREFACE=xiii
1. FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW=1
Magna Carta and the Rule of Law=1
The Common Law Enthroned=4
Organizing for Settlement=4
The Merchant Colonies:Virginia and Massachusetts=7
The Compact Colonies=10
The Proprietary Colonies=11
Growth of Legislative Dominance=12
The English Revolutions and the Dominion of New England=13
For Further Reading=15
2. LAW IN COLONIAL AMERICA=17
Settler and Indian Views of Land=18
Simplifying Property Law=19
Personal Status:Women=21
Personal Status:Laborers=23
Personal Status:Slaves=24
Religion=26
Criminal Law=29
Lawyers and Practice=30
The Privy Council and Imperial Courts=32
Witchcraft and Press Freedom=34
For Further Reading=37
3. THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE=39
The Mercantile System=39
Colonial Governments=41
Writs of Assistance=43
The Parsons Cause and the Two Penny Act=44
Colonial Constitutional Thought=45
Republican Ideology=47
The British View=48
The Stamp Act and the Colonial Response=49
The Townshend Duties=51
Tea and the Coercive Acts=53
The First Continental Congress=54
Parting of the Ways=56
The Declaration of Independence=57
Conclusion=58
For Further Reading=59
4. THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA=61
Congress Governs=61
The Articles of Confederation=63
New State Governments=65
Conservatives and Radicals=68
State Constitutions=69
Religious Freedom=71
Slavery=73
Judicial Review and the Success and Failure of State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era=74
The Common Law Survives=74
Blackstone's Influence=75
Conclusion=77
For Further Reading=77
5. THE CRISIS OF CONFEDERATION=80
Defects of the Articles=81
A Government Without Energy=83
Western Land Policy=86
Northwest Ordinance=87
Shays's Rebellion=88
Madison and the Annapolis Convention=90
Toward the Philadelphia Convention=91
For Further Reading=91
6. A MORE PERFECT UNION=93
The Philadelphia Convention=94
Representation and the Structure of Government=96
Slavery and Representation=98
The Executive Branch=100
The Judicial Branch=101
The Powers of the New Government=102
Regulating Commerce=103
Concluding the Convention=105
The Constitution and Federalism=106
Checks and Balances=108
The Debate over Ratification=109
Federalists and Antifederalists=113
Ratification=115
Conclusion:The Constitutional and Democracy=116
For Further Reading=117
7. LAUNCHING THE GREAT EXPERIMENT=120
Washington Takes Office=120
The Bill of Rights=123
The Government Takes Shape=128
Raising a Revenue=128
Hamilton's Financial Program=130
The Bank of the United States=132
The Hamilton-Jefferson Debate=133
The Whiskey Rebellion=135
The Slave Trade and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793=136
Defining Presidential Power=138
Presidential Conduct of Foreign Affairs=139
The Neutrality Proclamation=140
Jay's Treaty=142
Conclusion:Washington's Achievements=144
For Further Reading=144
8. THE SUPREME COURT:THE FIRST DECADE=147
The Federal Court of Appeals=147
The Judiciary Act of 1789=148
The Process Act=150
The Jay Court Convenes=151
Separation of Powers=152
Suing States in Federal Courts=155
Chisholm v. Georgia=156
The Eleventh Amendment=158
The Debt Cases=159
Judicial Review=160
The Ellsworth Tenure=162
Circuit Duties=162
Conclusion=164
For Further Reading=164
9. THE CHANGING FACE OF THE LAW=165
Changes in the Common Law=165
Criminal Law=166
Property=169
Land and Water Usage=170
Contract=172
Procedure=174
Bench and Bar=176
Legal Literature=177
Lower Federal Courts=179
For Further Reading=180
10. ADAMS, JEFFERSON, AND THE COURTS=181
The Alien and Sedition Acts=181
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions=184
The Election of 1800=185
The Judiciary Act of 1801=186
John Marshall and the Midnight Judges=187
Jefferson Takes Office=188
Repeal of the Judiciary Act=189
Marbury v. Madison=191
The Louisiana Purchase=196
Republican Attacks on the Judiciary:The First Cases=197
The Impeachment of Justice Chase=199
Defining Treason=201
The Burr Trial=203
Presidential Privilege=204
For Further Reading=205
11. THE MARSHALL COURT AND NATIONAL POWER=207
The Attorney General=207
Changes on the Court=208
The Embargo Cases=209
United States v. Peters=211
The Hartford Convention=212
The Court and Nationalist Sentiment=213
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee=215
Madison's Proposals=217
The Second Bank of the United States in Court=218
Cohens v. Virginia=222
The Steamboat Case=223
Conclusion:The Marshall Court's Legacy=226
For Further Reading=227
12. THE MARSHALL COURT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT=229
Law and Economic Development=299
Fletcher v. Peck=232
Public Land Cases=235
The Emergence of the Corporation=238
Defining Corporate Rights=239
The Dartmouth College Case=241
Bankruptcy=244
Conclusion:The Marshall Court's Legacy=246
For Further Reading=247
13. A LAW MADE FOR THE TIMES=248
Debate over the Law=248
An American System=249
Legal Instrumentalism=250
Changing Views of Land=251
Water Usage=252
Taking of Land=255
Emergence of Tort Law=257
Master and Servant=259
Commercial Law=262
The Corporation=262
Sales=263
Negotiable Instruments=264
Contract=266
Conclusion=268
For Further Reading=269
14. POLITICS, NATIONALISM, AND COMPETITION=271
The "Era of Good Feeling"=271
Georgia, Jackson, and the Indians=273
Georgia, the Indians, and the Court=275
Calhoun Responds to the Tariff=276
The Webster-Hayne Debate=278
The Nullification Crisis=279
Internal Improvements=282
Jackson Versus the Bank=283
Monopoly and Economic Expansion=287
The Charles River Bridge Case Begins=288
The Last Years of the Marshall Court=290
Chief Justice Taney=290
The Charles River Bridge Case Is Decided=292
Conclusion:The New Departure=293
For Further Reading=294
15. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY= 296
A Sense of Mastery=296
State Constitutional Development=298
Constitutional Flexibility=300
The Political Party and Its Function=301
Family Law=303
Women's Rights=304
Children and the Law=305
Early Labor Movements=307
Debtor Imprisonment=309
Pauper Relief=311
The New Prison=313
Code Revision=313
Race Relations and Antislavery=316
Conclusion=318
For Further Reading=318
16. THE TANEY COURT:CHANGE AND CONTINUITY=320
The New Chief Justice=320
The Court and Codification=323
Federal Common Law:Swift v. Tyson=324
The Police Power=326
Bank of Augusta v. Earle=327
The License and Passenger Cases=328
Defining State and Federal Powers=330
The Wheeling Bridge Case=331
The "Political Question" Doctrine=332
Dorr's Rebellion=333
Luther v. Borden=334
Conclusion:The Taney Court's Balance=335
For Further Reading=336
17. THE PECULIAR LAWS OF AMERICA'S PECULIAR INSTITUTION=337
Slavery in the New Nation=338
The Missouri Compromise=340
Black and White Opposition to Slavery:Slave Rebels and New Abolitionists=343
Abolitionist Theories and the Constitution=344
Abolitionist Use of the Law=346
Slaves in Transit=346
Antebellum Race Discrimination=348
Federal Fugitive Slave Laws=351
Prigg v. Pennsylvania=352
Law and Conscience=354
Southern Slave Codes=355
Controlling the Bondsmen=357
Slaves and Criminal Law=359
Manumission=361
Free Blacks=362
Conclusion=363
For Further Reading=364
18. A HOUSE DIVIDING=366
The Gag Rule=366
The Amistad Case=368
The Lone Star Republic=371
Annexing Texas=372
Constitutional Questions over Annexation=373
Presidential War Powers=374
The Wilmot Proviso=376
Free Labor and Free Soil=376
Calhoun's Southern Ideology=378
The Compromise of 1850=379
The Slave Trade in the Nation's Capital, California Statehood, and Slavery in the Territories=381
The Fugitive Slave Law=382
The Kansas-Nebraska Act=384
Obstructing the Fugitive Slave Act=385
"Bleeding Kansas"=387
The Republican Party=388
Dred Scott's Case=389
The Self-Inflicted Wound=391
The Dred Scott Decision=393
The Aftermath=394
Kansas, Once Again=395
Ableman v. Booth=396
Conclusion=398
For Further Reading=399
19. THE UNION SUNDERED=401
The Election of 1860=402
Secession Winter=403
"And the War Came"=405
The Provisional Confederate Constitution=406
The Permanent Confederate Constitution=408
Defects in the Confederate Scheme=410
The Political Party as a War Tool=411
Lincoln Takes Control=412
Ex Parte Merryman=414
Judicial Reorganization in Wartime=415
The Adequacy of the Constitution=417
War Powers and the Rebellion=419
Defining Rebel Status=420
The Growth of National Power=421
The Emancipation Proclamation=423
The Thirteenth Amendment=426
For Further Reading=427
20. THE UNION UNRESTORED=429
Problems of Military Occupation=429
Loyalty Oaths=431
Congress Takes a Hand=432
Expanding Federal Court Jurisdiction=432
Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan=433
The Wade-Davis Bill=434
Enter Andrew Johnson=436
Presidential Reconstruction=437
The Joint Committee on Reconstruction=439
Southern Intransigence=440
The Freedmen's Bureau Bills of 1866=441
The Civil Rights Act=442
The Fourteenth Amendment=444
The Congressional Plan=447
Conclusion=448
For Further Reading=449
21. RECONSTRUCTION=451
Governmental Deadlock=451
The Military Reconstruction Acts=453
The New State Governments=454
Southern Resistance=455
Restricting the Executive=457
Impeachment=458
The Senate Trial=461
The Meaning of Acquital=464
Reconstruction in the Courts=465
Ex Parte Milligan=465
Testing Congressional Reconstruction Powers=467
McCardle and Yerger=468
Texas v. White=470
Changing the Size of the Court=471
The Legal Tender Cases=472
The End of Reconstruction=474
The Election of 1876=475
Conclusion:The Legacy of Reconstruction=476
For Further Reading=477
22. THE COURT AND CIVIL RIGHTS=479
The Abandonment of the Freedmen=480
The Civil Rights Cases=481
Jim Crow Enthroned=482
The Treatment of Native Americans=485
The Chinese Cases=487
The Insular Cases=489
The Incorporation Theory=490
Women and the Law=492
The Court Draws Limits=494
The Peonage Cases=495
A Few Small Steps=497
Conclusion=498
For Further Reading=498
APPENDIXES
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE=A1
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION=A5
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES=A11
JUSTICES OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT=A28
CASE INDEX=I1
SUBJECT INDEX=I6
23. THE CONSTITUTIONAL WORLD OF THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY=500
Classical Legal Thought=500
The Emergence of Substantive Due Process=504
Due Process Enthroned=507
Freedom of Contract=509
The Law Writers=511
The Importance of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.=513
The Emergence of the Modern Legal Profession=515
Conclusion=518
For Further Reading=518
24. THE REGULATION OF COMMERCE, 1877-1914=521
Farmers, Railroads, and Elevators=522
Munn v. Illinois=523
Removal to Federal Courts=524
The Interstate Commerce Commission=526
The Courts and the ICC=528
Courts and Rate-Making=529
Congress Strengthens the ICC=531
The Court Acquiesces=532
The Growth of Monopolies=533
The Sherman Act=534
The Knight Case=535
The Court Changes Its Mind=536
The Northern Securities Case=537
The Rule of Reason=538
The Income Tax=539
Conclusion=543
For Further Reading=543
25. PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION AND THE POLICE POWER=545
The Progressive Agenda=546
Conservative Opposition=546
The Police Power=547
Child Labor and State Courts=548
Child Labor in the Supreme Court=549
Hours for Women Workers=551
A Feminist Critique of Muller=553
Separating Factory from Home=555
Hours on Public Works=556
Hours for Men=556
The Lochner Decision=558
Wage Regulation=560
Employers' Liability=563
Workmen's Compensation=564
Federal Employers' Liability=565
The Debs Case=566
The Courts and Labor Unions=567
For Further Reading=570
26. PROGRESSIVISM TRIUMPHANT, 1901-1917=572
Democracy and Efficiency=572
The Roosevelt Presidency=573
The Federal Police Power=575
The Attack on the Courts=579
Judicial Recall=581
State Courts and the Constitution=582
The Taft Record=583
Reforming the House=584
Woodrow Wilson's Views on the Presidency=585
Tariffs and Taxes=586
Banking Reform=588
Antitrust Legislation=589
Completing the Reform Agenda=591
Race and the Progressive Era=592
The Court Draws Limits=593
A Few Small Steps=595
Conclusion=595
For Further Reading=596
27. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS DURING WORLD WAR I=598
Preparedness=599
Control of the Railroads=600
The Draft Cases=601
The Lever Act=602
Rent Control=604
The Overman Act=604
Prohibition=606
Women's Suffrage=607
Wilson and Foreign Policy=609
The Treaty of Versailles=610
An Incapacitated President=612
Free Speech in Wartime=613
The Speech Tradition Before Schenck=614
Clear and Present Danger=615
The Beginnings of the Free Speech Tradition=617
The American Civil Liberties Union=619
The Red Scare=620
For Further Reading=622
28. "THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS!"=624
The Taft Court Forms=625
William Howard Taft as Chief Justice=627
Crippling the Regulatory Agencies=628
Maintaining the National Power=630
Federal Grants-in-Aid=632
Utilities Regulation=633
Labor and the Taft Court=634
The Adkins Case=637
The Fate of Reform Legislation=639
Euclid v. Ambler Realty=641
Conclusion=642
For Further Reading=642
29. A TANGLED SKEIN OF LIBERTIES=644
The Reform Remnant=644
Legal Realism=645
Realism and Reform on the Bench=646
Political Fundamentalism=648
The Nationalization of Standards=650
The "Incorporation" of Free Speech=651
Whitney v. California=653
Criminal Justice=655
Wire Tapping and Privacy=656
Lynch Law=656
Race and Alienage=657
Incorporating Freedom of the Press=660
For Further Reading=661
30. THE DEPRESSION, THE NEW DEAL, AND THE COURT=663
The Depression and the Need for Action=663
The Hughes Court=664
State Legislation Before the Court=666
A Change in Philosophy=669
The New Deal Begins=670
Agricultural Reform=671
Inflation and Relief Measures=672
Reviving the Economy=673
Constitutional Considerations and Problems=675
The New Deal in Court=676
Black Monday=678
The Court and the Agricultural Adjustment Act=681
The Carter Coal Case=683
Conclusion:The Court Versus the New Deal=683
For Further Reading=685
31. CRISIS AND RESOLUTION=687
The Second Hundred Days=687
The Roosevelt Court Plan=689
The "Switch in Time"=693
An Alternate View=695
Roosevelt Reshapes the Court=698
The Failure of Reorganization=700
A National Labor Policy=701
The Commerce Power and Agriculture=703
The Reach of the Commerce Power=704
The Demise of "Old Swifty"=705
The Court and State Powers=708
Conclusion:The Crisis Survived=709
For Further Reading=711
32. CIVIL LIBERTIES AND THE ROOSEVELT COURT=713
Rights of Labor=713
The Bar, the Justice Department, and Civil Liberties=714
Cardozo and Selective Incorporation=716
Black and Total Incorporation=717
Frankfurter and the Limits of Restraint=719
Labor and the First Amendment=719
Religion=721
The Flag Salute Cases=722
Civil Liberties in Wartime=725
Treason and Espionage=727
For Further Reading=729
33. WORLD WAR II=731
Neutrality Legislation=731
The Ludlow Amendment=732
Internal Security=733
Executive Agreements=734
Presidential Power=736
Organizing for War=738
The Court and Wartime Regulations=739
Anti-Japanese Sentiment=740
Japanese Relocation=741
The Relocation Cases=743
Milligan Redux=745
The Judgment of History=746
The War Crimes Trials=747
The United Nations=749
For Further Reading=750
34. FAIR DEAL AND COLD WAR=752
Conservative Reaction=752
The Taft-Hartley Law=754
Government Loyalty Programs=756
Smith Act Prosecutions=758
Dennis v. United States=760
Justice Harlan's Solution=762
The McCarran Act=763
McCarthyism=764
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization=766
The Bricker Amendment=767
The Korean Police Action=768
Civilian Control of the Military=769
The Steel Seizure Case=770
For Further Reading=771
35. THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS=773
Truman and the First Steps=773
The NAACP Intensifies Its Efforts=774
The Vinson Court and Civil Rights=776
Enter Earl Warren=778
The Five School Cases=779
Brown v. Board of Education=781
The Reaction to Brown=783
Implementation=785
"All Deliberate Speed"=787
Eisenhower and Little Rock=789
For Further Reading=791
36. "WE SHALL OVERCOME"=793
The Civil Rights Movement Begins=793
Early Civil Rights Legislation=795
The Kennedy Commitment=795
"The Schoolhouse Door"=796
The 1964 Civil Rights Act=797
The Court Loses Patience=799
Attacking Segregation Everywhere=801
State Action and Racial Classification=802
Civil Rights and the First Amendment=802
The Sit-In Cases=803
The Court and the 1964 Civil Rights Act=806
Voting Rights=807
The 1965 Voting Rights Act=808
South Carolina v. Katzenbach=809
New Uses for Old Laws=811
What Has Been Accomplished=812
Conclusion:An Unfinished Agenda=814
For Further Reading=815
37. THE WARREN COURT AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS=817
The First Amendment=818
The Overbreadth Doctrine=819
Symbolic Speech=820
Libel and the First Amendment=820
Obscenity=823
The Religion Clauses=826
Prayer, Bible Reading, and Evolution=829
Aid to Schools=831
Search and Seizure=832
Self-Incrimination=833
The Right to Counsel=836
The Right to Privacy=837
Conclusion:Judicial Activism and Civil Liberties=840
For Further Reading=841
38. A NATION IN TURMOIL=843
Internal Security=843
The Decline of HUAC=845
Reapportionment=846
Opposition to the Apportionment Rulings=850
The Great Society=851
Johnson and Presidential Prerogatives=852
Vietnam and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution=853
War Issues and the Court=855
Impatience over Civil Rights=857
Criminal Law=858
The Commission on Law Enforcement=860
The Omnibus Crime Control Act=861
The Fortas Affair=861
Warren's Final Term=863
Conclusion=865
For Further Reading=865
39. RICHARD NIXON AND THE CORRUPTION OF POWER=867
A Moderate Start=868
Powers of the Commander-in-Chief=869
The Cambodian Rider=871
The War Powers Act of 1973=872
Expansion of Domestic Powers=876
The Pocket Veto=877
Budgets and Impoundment=878
The Congressional Budget Act=881
Watergate=882
Executive Privilege=885
Spiro Agnew Departs=886
United States v. Nixon=887
Resignation=888
The Lessons of Watergate=890
The "Plebiscitary Presidency"=893
For Further Reading=893
40. THE BURGER COURT AND EQUAL PROTECTION=895
The Burger Court Forms=896
Continuing Desegregation=898
Busing=900
Desegregation in the North=901
Bakke and Affirmative Action=903
Gender Discrimination=907
The Equal Rights Amendment=911
Poverty and Disability=912
The Abortion Decisions=913
Post-Roe Decisions=915
For Further Reading=917
41. THE BURGER COURT AND CIVIL LIBERTIES=919
Obscenity=920
Commercial Speech=923
Campaign Funds as Political Speech=925
Freedom of the Press=926
A Right of Access=928
Reporter's Privilege=930
Church and State=931
The Drive to Reinstate School Prayer=933
Free Exercise of Religion=935
Rights of the Accused:Search and Seizure=936
The Exclusionary Rule=938
Miranda Warnings=939
The Death Penalty=941
Conclusion=943
For Further Reading=944
42. THE REHNQUIST COURT:EQUAL PROTECTION AND INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY=946
The Rehnquist Court Forms=947
Civil Rights=949
Affirmative Action=952
Race-Conscious Districting=956
The Civil Rights Act of 1991=960
Gender Discrimination=961
Sexual Harassment=962
Abortion=965
The Right to Die=969
Conclusion=972
For Further Reading=973
43. THE REHNQUIST COURT FEDERALISM, AND CIVIL LIBERTIES=975
Federalism=976
The First Amendment=979
Speech "Plus"=982
Flag Burning=984
Free Exercise of Religion=986
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act=987
Church and State=989
Rights of the Accused=994
Conclusion=996
For Further Reading=997
44. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY=998
Congress and Foreign Policy=998
The Courts and Foreign Policy=1002
The Legislative Veto=1003
Control of the Budget=1006
The Twenty-seventh Amendment=1007
Term Limits=1009
Iran-Contra=1010
The Bork Nomination=1012
The Thomas Nomination=1015
The Line Item Veto=1017
The Role of the Independent Counsel=1019
Clinton's Impeachment=1020
The Election of 2000=1022
Conclusion=1026
For Further Reading=1026
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES=A5
JUSTICES OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT=A22
SUBJECT INDEX=I17