영문목차

Acknowledgements=v

Introduction=1

The North-South opposition=5

The two ages of democracy in India=6

Part I. CONGRESS IN POWER OR INDIA AS A CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRACY=11

1. The Gandhian sources of Congress conservatism=13

Reformism and social organicism in Gandhi's thought=14

The conflict between Gandhi and Ambedkar=19

The conservative influence of Gandhi on the Congress in North India=25

Congress and social transformation:an empty discourse?=31

The thwarting of land reform:the case of Uttar Pradesh=32

The problem of planning and the agricultural cooperatives=45

2. The Congress:party of the intelligentsia, or party of the notables?=48

The Congress intelligentsia-unevenly progressive=52

Congress 'Vote Banks' politics=64

3. The Congress Party and the Scheduled Castes:reservations and co-option=89

The reservation policy:the smokescreen of the egalitarian discourse=91

What party for the Scheduled Castes?=102

4. Indira Gandhi, the populist repertoire and the aborted reform of Congress=115

Towards a new Congress?=116

How to transform Congress into a cadre-based party?=131

The Emergency:suspending democracy, a condition for social reforms?=136

Part II. THE UNEVEN EMANCIPATION OF THE LOWER CASTES:NON-BRAHMINS IN THE SOUTH, OBCs IN THE NORTH=144

5. Caste transformations in the South and West:ethnicisation and positive discrimination=147

The non-Brahmin movement in Maharashtra:an ideology of empowerment=153

From non-Brahminism to Dravidianism in Tamil Nadu=166

The Non-Brahmin as a bureaucratic creation:the quest for empowerment=172

Caste federations:the case of Gujarat=180

6. Were there Low Caste movements in North India?=185

The Kayasths as Chandraguptas=185

Sanskritisation and Division among Yadavs and Kurmis=187

The North Indian Untouchables, Sanskritisation and bhakti=199

7. Caste as the building block of the 'Other Backward Classes':the impact of reservations=214

How to discriminate positively? The constitutional debate=215

The first 'Backward Classes' Commission or the partial concealment of caste=221

The AIBCF and the quotas:an ephemeral low-castes front=229

Reservation policies:the North-South contrast=237

Part III. QUOTA POLITICS AND KISAN POLITICS:COMPLEMENTARITY AND COMPETITION=254

8. The Socialists as defenders of the Lower Castes, Jat politicians as advocates of the peasants=254

The Socialists and the Low Castes=256

Kisan politics and the mobilisation of the Jat farmers=271

Charan Singh's marginalisation within the Uttar Pradesh Congress=289

9. The quest for power and the first Janata Government=305

The BLD:a joint venture=305

The Janata experiment=309

The Mandal Commission:the reservation issue revisited at the Centre=320

When the North lags behind:reservation policies outside the Hindi Belt in the 1980s=324

The Lok Dal fighting for Mandal=327

10. The Janata Dal and the rise to power of the Low Castes=335

Quota politics takes over=335

Caste polarization around Mandal=343

The electoral fallout of the Mandal affair=349

Geographical unevenness=352

Are the OBCs a social and political category?=363

11. The renewal of Dalit politics:The B.S.P. party of the Bahujans?=387

Kanshi Ram and the Bahujan Samaj:from interest group to political force=388

Towards a 'bahujan' front?=396

Using Ladders to Attain power... and Consolidating the Dalit vote bank=409

Part IV. THE UPPER CASTES' POLITICAL DOMINATION ON TRIAL:THE CONGRESS(I), THE BJP AND MANDAL=426

12. The Congress(I) and the 'Coalition of Extremes' revisited=427

The end of a catch-all party=428

The Congress accommodating strategy in Madhya Pradesh:a new version of the 'Coalition of Extremes' pattern=435

13. The Hindu Nationalist division of labour:Sewa Bharti and the BJP between Sanskritisation and 'social engineering'=453

The welfarist strategy of Sewa Bharti=454

The BJP from Sanskritisation to graded 'social engineering'=462

14. Conclusion=492

Select Bibliography=497

Index=501