영문목차
Acknowledgements=4
Chapter 1. Executive summary=9
Progress=10
Fundamental points based on OECD experience with rail reform=11
Key decisions to be made now=13
Next steps in reform=13
Conclusion=15
Notes=16
Chapter 2. Rail markets in the Russian Federation=17
2.1. Introduction=18
2.2. Transport markets=20
2.3. Railway performance=23
2.4. Geographic characteristics of the rail market=27
Notes=31
Chapter 3. The government's railway reform programme=33
Notes=38
Chapter 4. Key regulatory challenges=39
4.1. Accounting=40
4.2. Competition policy and the goals of reform for freight transport=42
4.2.1. Regulatory arrangements for the initial approach to competition=42
4.2.2. Horizontal separation into competing vertically integrated operators=48
4.2.3. Choosing the approach to competition=52
4.3. Tariff regulation and charges for the use of infrastructure=52
4.3.1. Tariff regulations=52
4.3.2. Competition and pricing for the use of infrastructure=61
4.3.3. Regulating the tariffs charged to the railway customer=67
4.3.4. Conclusions on tariffs=75
4.4. Passenger rail public service obligations and concessionary fares=77
Notes=83
Chapter 5. Railway reforms and investment=87
Annex A. Note on non-discriminatory access to railroad infrastructure/Russel Pittman[United States Department of Justice]=91
Annex B. Lessons from the privatisation of Britain's railways/Jeremy Drew[UK Consultant]=105
Annex C. Experiences in Germany with DB Netz AG's 1998 and 2001 route pricing system/Ralf Schweinsberg[Federal Railway Office]=131
Annex D. National rail infrastructure usage charges in Italy/Franco Marzioli[Italian Rail Network(Rfi)]=143
Annex E. The new framework for access to railway infrastructure in the EU:Ensuring non-discrimination and high quality international rail services/Jan Scherp[European Commission, Brussels]=155
3.1. Legislative summary=36
4.1. Examples of independent rail operators in steel and oil markets=44
4.2. Efficient infrastructure pricing=62
2.1. Contributions to government income from the railways=18
2.2. Headline financial indicators=18
2.3. Road network of the Russian Federation, 2002=22
2.4. Rail network of the Russian Federation, 2001=23
2.5. Average length of haul by freight category in 2001=27
4.1. Age of locomotives=43
4.2. MPS regional railroad to regional railroad total freight flows(000 tons) in 2001=49
4.3. Distribution of freight traffic by class(domestic traffic and traffic to and from ports)=56
4.4. Additional distance taper for Class Ⅰ commodities=56
4.5. Tariffs for trains of shipper-owned wagons and locomotives as a proportion of the tariff for a standard RZhD railway shipment(%)=60
4.6. Choices in recovering fixed costs=65
4.7. Infrastructure costs as a proportion of total costs=68
4.8. The impact of controlled competition on performance of public transport systems=78
4.9. MPS passenger operations in 2001=79
4.10. MPS regional railroad total:MPS regional railroad to regional railroad total long haul passenger flows(000 passengers) in 2001=81
C.1. Basic prices=136
C.2. Product factors=138
C.3. Weight classes=139
D.1. Value of the section/node portion according to tariff area=149
D.2. Unit value(EURO/km) of the km/min portion on the core network according to track characteristics=149
D.3. Unit value(EURO/km) of the km/min portion in nodal sections=150
2.1. Russian railways in 2003=19
2.2a. Freight transport in billion t-km=20
2.2b. Freight transport in million tonnes=20
2.3. Passenger transport in billion passenger kilometres=21
2.4a. Inter-city services=21
2.4b. Urban and suburban services=21
2.5. Modal shares of fixed total capital investment in inland transport=23
2.6. Per cent of rail passenger traffic to total rail traffic=24
2.7. Rail traffic density, 1999=24
2.8. Freight t-km trends on CIS railways=25
2.9. Rail passenger traffic in the Russian Federation=25
2.10a. Rail freight traffic by commodity in billion t-km=26
2.10b. Rail freight traffic by commodity in million tonnes=26
2.11. Average traffic density on the regional railways=27
2.12. Origin to destination coal movements over 1 mt per annum in 2001=28
2.13. Distribution of coal traffic by length of haul=29
4.1. 1999 financial performance according to international accounting standards=40
4.2. Two competing vertically integrated rail freight companies for western Russia=51
4.3. Could the regional railways be reorganised to provide a mix of integrated competitors and open access for rail freight?=51
4.4. Distance taper applied to all classes of freight=55
4.5. The share of transport costs in commodity prices is a key consideration in setting tariffs=57
4.6. Tariff charges for operators using private and RZhD rolling stock=59
4.7. Allocated distribution of average railway costs=60
4.8. US rail freight revenue=71
4.9. Freight modal shares in the US=71
4.10. Productivity in US railroads=71
4.11. Average US freight and airline tariffs=72
4.12. US railroad freight tariffs in 2001:Revenue/ton-km(US cents) by commodity and ratios of revenue to variable cost=73
4.13. Freight tariff comparisons:US aud Russia=73
4.14. current financial flows and a model for the future=82
A.1. Marginal cost pricing=94
A.2. Fully allocated cost pricing=95
B.1. Structure and relations within privatised rail industry in Britain=107
B.2. Increase in passenger and train km by type of operator(1997/8-2001/2)=109
B.3. Annual payments to franchised passenger operators(£ million) 1998-2002=113
C.1. Figures:Summary of train path pricing system 2001=139
C.2. Breakdown of modular train path pricing system=139
C.3. Line categories=140
C.4. Train path products=140
C.5. Train path products=140
C.6. New products=141
C.7. Price setting=141
C.8. Integrating loads:threshold value 1 200t=142
C.9. Special factors=142
D.1. cost covered by the charge amount=150
D.2. Access charge=150
D.3. Network breakdown=151
D.4. Access charge=151
D.5. Breakdown of the charge amount=151
D.6. Track section/node portion=152
D.7. Distance-based portion=152
D.8. Time-based portion=153
D.9. Determining the variable portion of the line=153
D.10. Determination of the variable portion of the note=153