영문목차
Preface=9
Acknowledgements=11
Ⅰ. Introduction=15
Ⅱ. Assessment, quality, standards, and accountability=19
Assessment in education=19
Quality in education=22
Standards=23
Accountability=26
Conclusion=27
Ⅲ. Characteristics of assessment in current reform proposals=29
Focus on outcomes=29
Focus on external assessment=31
Assessment as a lever of reform=31
Conclusion=32
Ⅳ. National assessments of student achievement=33
What is a national assessment?=33
Models of national assessment=36
Why carry out a national assessment?=39
Information needs addressed in a national assessment=41
Growth in national assessment activity=42
Conclusion=44
Ⅴ. Describing and using information derived from a national assessment=47
Describing student achievements=47
The communication of information derived from a national assessment=55
The use of national assessment data=58
Conclusion=60
Ⅵ. International assessments of achievement=63
What is an international assessment?=63
Why participate in an international assessment?=64
Issues in international assessments=65
The uses of international assessment data=68
Conclusion=69
Ⅶ. Using student achievement data to evaluate schools=71
Evaluating the quality of schools=71
Action following the evaluation of schools=72
League tables=75
The impact of national assessment data on schools=79
Conclusion=81
Ⅷ. Issues in the design of an assessment=83
Considerations in designing an assessment=85
Participation in an international assessment=88
Cost=88
The use of information derived from an assessment=89
Conclusion=91
References=93