영문목차
List of Tables and Figures=ⅵ
Preface=ⅸ
PART Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
1. Do Rules Matter? Structure versus Culture=3
2. Classifying Electoral Systems=39
3. Evaluating Electoral Systems=66
PART Ⅱ. THE CONSEQUENCES FOR VOTING BEHAVIOR
4. Party Systems=81
5. Social Cleavages=96
6. Party Loyalties=126
7. Turnout=151
PART Ⅲ. THE CONSEQUENCES FOR POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
8. Women's Representation=179
9. Ethnic Minorities=209
10. Constituency Service=230
PART Ⅳ. CONCLUSIONS
11. The Impact of Electoral Engineering=249
Bibliography=265
Notes=305
Index=347
Tables
1.1. The Elections under Comparison=26
1.2. Social Indicators=30
1.3. Political Indicators=30
2.1. Electoral Systems for the lower House of Parliament, Selected Elections under Comparison, 1996-2002=52
2.2. Type of Electoral System in Use by Past Colonial History(by percentage)=60
2.3. Direct Elections for President/Prime Minister, Selected Elections under Comparison, 1996-2001=62
2.4. The Parliamentary and Presidential Elections under Comparison=63
3.1. The Ideal Functions of Electoral Institutions=69
4.1. Electoral Systems and Party Systems=85
4.2. Electoral Systems and Proportionality=91
5.1. Baseline Models Predicting Right-Wing Voting Support, Pooled Legislative Elections=107
5.2. Predictors of Right-Wing Voting Support in Legislative and Presidential Elections=110
6.1. Baseline Models Predicting Partisanship, Pooled Legislative Elections=143
6.2. Baseline Models Predicting Right-Wing Voting Support, Pooled Legislative Elections=145
6.3. Social Structure, Partisan Identification, and Left-Right Voting Support in 37 Legislative and Presidential Elections=146
6.4. Mean Variance in Voting Behavior Explained by Social Structure and Party Identities=147
7.1. Models Explaining Turnout, Pooled Legislative Elections=158
7.2. Electoral Systems and Turnout Worldwide, 1990s=162
7.3. Compulsory Voting and Electoral Turnout Worldwide, 1990s=169
8.1. Explaining the Proportion of Women in Parliament, 171 Nations Worldwide, 2000=186
8.2. Women's Representation by Type of Electoral System, 2000=187
8.3. Women's Representation by Electoral Family and Type of Society=188
8.4. Reserved Seats for Women Used in the Lower House of Parliament Worldwide, 2000=192
8.5. Statutory Gender Quotas in Use Worldwide=194
8.6. Voluntary Gender Quotas in Party Rules Used in 15 EU Member States, 1996-2000=199
8.7. Women's Representation by Predominant Religious Culture=206
8.8. Women's Representation by Electoral Family and Type of Religious Culture=207
9.1. Major Types of Ethnic Cleavages=218
9.2. Indicators of Majority-Minority Political Support=222
9.3. Impact of Majority-Minority Cleavage on Political Support, with Social Controls=225
10.1. Knowledge of Candidates=239
10.2. Contact with Elected Representatives=241
10.3. Models Predicting Contact with Elected Members=242
10.4. Models Predicting Knowledge of Candidates=243
Figures
1.1. The rational-choice institutionalism model=8
1.2. The cultural modernization model=17
1.3. Societies by length of democratization=29
1.4. Societies by level of development=31
1.5. The countries included in Module Ⅰ of the CSES dataset=33
2.1. Electoral systems used worldwide for the lower house of parliament, 1997=41
2.2. An example of the First-Past-the-Post(FPTP) ballot in the U.K. general election=43
2.3. An example of First-Past-the-Post(FPTP) ballot with multiple offices for the U.S. General Election:Sonoma County, California=47
2.4. An example of the Alternative Vote ballot for the Australian House of Representatives=50
2.5. An example of a Party List ballot for the South African Parliament=54
2.6. An example of a Combined or Mixed-Member ballot used for the German Bundestag=57
2.7. The world of electoral systems, 1997=59
3.1. Models of representative democracy=70
4.1. Effective Number of Parliamentary Parties(ENPP) by electoral family=87
4.2. The proportionality of party votes to seats=90
4.3. Proportionality by electoral family=92
5.1. The distribution of support for the left-right voting blocs in legislative elections=105
5.2. The social characteristics of right-wing voters=106
5.3. Age cohorts and voting support=115
5.4. The gender-generation gap=117
5.5. The strength of cleavage politics by type of electoral system=120
5.6. The strength of cleavage politics by type of society=122
6.1. Proportion of partisans by nation=132
6.2. National context of partisanship=133
6.3. Party characteristics of partisans=138
6.4. Social characteristics of partisans=140
6.5. The political characteristics of partisans=142
6.6. Total variance produced by social and partisan identities, by type of society=148
6.7. Total variance produced by social and partisan identities, by electoral system=149
7.1. Votes cast as a proportion of the voting age population, 1990s=152
7.2. Systemic characteristics of turnout=160
7.3. Partisan characteristics of turnout=167
7.4. Social and attitudinal characteristics of turnout=175
8.1. Percentage of women in the lower house of parliament, 2000=181
8.2. Funnel model of the candidate selection process=183
8.3. Gender equality strategies=190
9.1. Proportional representation and outcome=211
10.1. The interaction of selection rules and ballot structures=233