영문목차
Preface=ⅶ
PART Ⅰ:Introduction to Cities and Urban Geography
1. AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY=1
Introduction=1
The Field of Urban Geography=2
The Origin and Evolution of Urban Geography=4
The Four Traditions, 1900-1970=4
The Physical Tradition=4
The Human-Environment Tradition=5
The Regional Tradition=6
The Spatial Tradition=6
Precursors of Spatial Analysis in Urban Geography=6
European Influences on Spatial Analysis in Urban Geography=7
Extradisciplinary Influences on Spatial Analysis in Urban Geography=8
Critiques of Spatial Analysis in Urban Geography=8
Geographic Information Science and Urban Geography=11
Box 1.1.=12
Substantive Trends in Urban Geography=14
Urbanization and Global Cities=14
Feminist Urban Geography=15
Urban Cultural Geography=16
Urban Historical Geography=17
Locational Analysis in Urban Geography=17
Introduction to This Textbook=18
Wrapping Up=19
Readings=20
2. THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES=22
What are Cities?=23
Preconditions to Urban Formation=24
Ecology, Technology, and Power=24
Box 2.1.=25
Box 2.2.=26
Theories of Urban Origins=26
Agricultural Surplus=27
Religious Causes=28
Defensive Needs=29
Trading Requirements=29
Patterns of Early Urbanization=30
Locations of Early Cities=31
Diffusion of Urbanization=32
Urban Evolution and Early Economic Imperatives:Traditional Cities=32
The Early City-States:Sumeria=33
Other Ancient Cities=36
Egypt=36
Indus Valley=36
Northern China=37
Mesoamerican Cities=37
Imperial Cities=38
Box 2.3.=39
Rome's Contribution to Urban Development=42
Cities as Engines of Economic Growth:Capitalism, Industrialism, and Urbanization=43
The New Trading Cities=43
A Capitalist Economy=43
Box 2.4.=44
The Revival of Urbanization=45
Northern Italy=47
Northern Europe=47
Structure and Form of the Trading Cities=47
Political and Economic Structure=47
Spatial Form=49
Box 2.5.=50
Industrial Cities=51
Box 2.6.=52
Industrial Revolution=52
Changing Logic of City Location=54
Elements of the Industrial City=56
Wrapping Up=56
Readings=57
PART Ⅱ. Metropolitan Systems
3. THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN URBAN SYSTEM=58
The American Urban Hierarchy, 1630-2000=59
Colonial Imprints=59
Early Development=59
Shifts in the U.S. Urban Population=62
Metropolitan Dominance=63
Box 3.1.=64
Pred's Model=66
Urbanization and Industrialization among U.S. Urban Centers=67
Borchert's Transport Epochs and American Metropolitan Growth=67
Horse and Wagon Epoch, 1790-1830=68
Regional Railroad Network Epoch, 1830-1870=68
National Railroad Network Epoch, 1870-1920=68
Automobile/Airplane Epoch, 1920-1960=68
Urbanization Processes=69
Urbanization Curves=70
Central Place Theory=70
Centrality=71
Range of a Good=71
Threshold=71
Hexagonal Trade Areas=72
Rank-Size Rule=72
Kondratiev Waves=73
Urban Growth in America=74
Meyer-Wyekoff Frontier Cities Model=74
Vance Mercantile Cities Model=75
Contemporary Urban-Economic Restructuring=76
Empirical Examples=76
Box 3.2.=78
Amenities=80
Wrapping Up=80
Readings=81
4. GLOBALIZATION AND THE URBAN SYSTEM=83
World Cities=84
World City Hierarchy=84
Changing Functions of World Cities=87
Capitalism, Power, and World Cities=88
Examples of World City Globalization=89
World Cities and Wealth=90
U.S. Law Firms in World Cities=91
Box 4.1.=92
International Engineering Services=93
Interconnections among World Cities=94
World City Tourism=96
New York and Los Angeles as Tourist Cities=98
The Impact of 9/11=99
Multinational Corporations=99
U.S. Multinational Corporations=101
Sam Walton's Wal-Mart=103
World Banking=106
Wrapping Up=106
Readings=108
5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE CITY=109
Box 5.1.=110
History of Computing and Development of the Internet=111
Box 5.2.=113
Mainframe Computers=114
Minicomputers to Personal Computers=114
Telecommunications:Geographical Dispersal or Concentration?=115
Telecommunications and Geographic Dispersal=115
Telecommunications and Geographic Concentration=116
Front-Office Activities=116
Universities and Geographic Concentration=117
Domain Names=117
Web Sites and Geographic Concentration=118
The National and Global Fiber-Optic Network=118
Fiber-Optic Cables=119
The Global Internet=119
U.S. Internet Urban Links=121
Overnight Information Flows=122
Telecommunications and Urban Society=125
Telecommunications and the Transformation of Urban Space=126
Telecommunications and Financial Markets=127
Telecommunications and Office Economies=128
Intrametropolitan Locations of Professional and Business Services=128
Intrametropolitan Fiber-Optic Loops=129
Wireless Telecommunications=130
The Automobile as Wireless Internet Provider=131
Box 5.3.=132
Wrapping Up=133
Readings=134
PART Ⅲ. The Economic Landscape of the City
6. URBAN LAND USE:THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND THE GROWTH OF THE SUBURBS=135
Central-City Decline=135
CBD Centrality=136
Development of Central Business Districts=136
The Decline of CBD Centrality and the Rise of Agglomeration Economies=138
CBD Agglomeration Linkages=139
Traditional CBD Characteristics=140
The CBD Core-Frame Concept=140
Zones of CBD Assimilation and Discard=141
Daytime vs. Nighttime CBD Populations=142
Contemporary CBD Retailing=143
CBD Redevelopment and Revitalization=144
Packaging the Entrepreneural CBD=145
Contemporary CBD Activities=145
Business and Professional Services in Atlanta=146
Models of Suburban Evolution in North American Metropolises=147
Location Rent and Urban Land Use=147
Land and Property Values=148
Erickson's Model of the Evolution of the Suburban Space Economy=148
Spillover and Specialization=150
Dispersal and Diversification=150
Infilling and Multinucleation=150
The Hartshorn and Muller Model of Suburban Downtown=151
Sprawl=151
Independence=151
Magnets=152
High-Rise/High-Tech=153
Mature Town Center=153
Wrapping Up=153
Readings=154
7. LANDSCAPES OF PRODUCTION=155
Understanding the Economies of Cities=155
Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities=156
Basic versus Nonbasic Activities=156
Multipliers=156
Circular and Cumulative Causation=157
Box 7.1.=158
Interurban Industrial Production and Location=159
Growth Pole Model=159
Stanback Model=160
Manufacturing versus Service Cities=161
The 1980s Rust Belt=162
Box 7.2.=164
Recent Metropolitan Population Growth=165
Human Talent and the Location of High-Technology Industry=165
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location=166
Wheeler-Park Model=166
Product Cycle Model=168
Political Economy Approaches=170
Basic Concepts=170
Circuits of Capital=170
Box 7.3.=173
Wrapping Up=173
Readings=173
PART Ⅳ. The Social Landscape of the City
8. SLICING THE URBAN PIE:MODELS OF SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY=175
Ecological Approach to Cities=176
"Community Lost":European Perspectives on Cities=176
The Chicago School of Sociology=177
Box 8.1.=178
Traditional Models of Urban Spatial Structure=182
Burgess Concentric Zone Model=182
Hoyt Sector Model=183
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model=184
More Complex Models=184
Social Area Analysis=185
Box 8.2.=186
Factorial Ecology=187
The Urban Mosaic=188
New Factors Organizing Urban Social Space:Globalization and Postmodernism=188
Globalization:General Trends=189
Box 8.3.=190
Elements of the Global City=192
The Citadel=193
The Enclave=193
The Ghetto=194
"In Between" Neighborhoods in the Global City=194
The Gentrified City=194
The Suburban City=195
The Working Class City=195
Postmodernism=196
Wrapping up=199
Box 8.4.=200
Readings=202
9. URBAN HOUSING MARKETS:SPRAWL, BLIGHT, AND REGENERATION=204
Basics of Housing and Housing Markets=204
Sectors of Housing Tenure=205
Housing as a Commodity=205
Box 9.1.=206
Housing Demand=206
Box 9.2.=207
Housing Supply=208
Housing Market Geographies=208
Urban Ecology and Housing Markets:Invasion and Succession=208
Filtering and Vacancy Chains=209
Life-Cycle Notions of Neighborhood Change=210
Housing Market Realities:Ongoing Debates over Equal Access to Housing=211
Real Estate Agents and Differentiated Access=211
Discrimination in Lending=213
Accumulated Impacts of Housing Market Discrimination=215
Housing Market Realities:Government Involvement=215
Box 9.3.=216
Securing Home Ownership through Loan Guarantees=218
A New System of Housing Finance:The Secondary Mortgage Market=219
Box 9.4.=220
Sprawl and the Suburbanization of Housing=221
Antecedents and Preconditions of Post-World War Ⅱ Suburban Sprawl=222
Postwar Sprawl=225
Supply and Demand Factors=225
Sprawl and the Federal Government:Housing Finance=226
Sprawl and the Federal Government:Automobiles and Interstate Freeways=227
"Blight" and the Fate of Inner-City Housing=229
Blight and Growing Redevelopment Pressures=229
Housing Dynamics of Redevelopment=229
Displacement and Public Housing=231
Neighborhood Revitalization:Gentrification=233
Wrapping Up=234
Readings=234
10. SEGREGATION, RACE, AND URBAN POVERTY=236
Current Patterns of Racial Residential Segregation=237
Census 2000 Figures=237
Black/White Patterns=237
Box 10.1.=238
Hispanics and Asians=240
Recent Change=241
Hypersegregation=243
What Causes Segregation?=245
Race and the North American Ghetto=246
The "First" North American Ghetto=247
Dual Housing Markets, the "Color Line," and Ghettos=247
Postwar Institutionalized Ghettos=249
Government-Supported Discrimination=249
Public Housing and Urban Redevelopment=251
Economic Transformations and the Outcast Ghetto=253
Civil Rights=254
Deindustrialization and Globalization=254
Box 10.2.=255
Social/Spatial Isolation and the "Underclass" Question=257
Poverty and The City=257
Cities as the Location of Poverty=257
Spatial Concentration of Urban Poverty=258
Relationship to Race=258
Wilson/Massey/Jargowsky Debate=259
Consequences of Concentrated Poverty:The Neighborhood Effects Debate=259
Peer Effects=260
Social Control=260
Opportunities and Resources=261
Institutions, Schools, and Businesses=261
Stigma and Spatial Discrimination=262
Evidence and Debates=262
Morality and Responsibility=263
Culture and Poverty versus Culture of Poverty=264
Oppositional Culture/Culture of Segregation=264
Responding to Urban Poverty=265
War on Poverty=265
Retrenchment=266
Welfare Reform=267
Enterprise Zones=267
Moving to Opportunity/HOPE Ⅵ/Homeownership=268
Wrapping Up=268
Readings=269
11. IMMIGRATION, ETHNICITY, AND URBANISM=271
The Era of Immigration and U.S. Urbanization=272
The New Catholic Arrivals=273
Geography of Immigration=273
Box 11.1.=274
Differences in Urban Orientation=275
Reception of Immigrants=275
Segregation Patterns=277
The New European Immigration=277
Urban Orientation of New Immigrants=278
Neighborhood Locations=279
Box 11.2.=280
Segregation Patterns=280
Negative and Positive Impacts of Location=281
The Ethnic Kaleidoscope of Today=283
Immigration Legislation=283
Box 11.3.=284
Immigrant Patterns=286
Latino Migration and Its Impact on Cities=288
Mexicans=290
Urbanization Trends=291
Cubans=292
Florida Concentration=292
Puerto Ricans=293
Spatial Patterns=293
Box 11.4.=294
Latino Influences=296
Significant Aspects=296
New Asian Immigration=298
Urban Orientation and Some Models of Asian Segregation=299
Asian Indians=301
Indochinese=302
Koreans=304
Asian Influences=306
Wrapping Up=306
Readings=306
PART Ⅴ. The Political Landscape of the City
12. METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE AND FRAGMENTATION=309
Urban Governance and the Growth of Services=310
Expanding Urban Services=310
Safety=311
Education=311
Infrastructure=311
Box 12.1.=312
Financing the City=315
Who Governs the City?=316
Stages in Urban Governance=317
Elite Dominance=317
Machine Politics=317
Reform Politics=318
Professional Politics=318
Power in the City=320
Contemporary Fragmentation in the Metropolis=321
Increasing Fragmentation=322
A Positive View of Metropolitan Fragmentation=323
Fiscal Disparities=325
Box 12.2.=328
Countering the Fragmented Metropolis=329
Annexations=329
Elastic Cities=329
City-County Consolidation=331
Metropolitan Government=332
Box 12.3.=333
Wrapping Up=334
Readings=334
13. PLANNING THE BETTER CITY=336
Making the Case for Planning=337
Aesthetics=337
Efficiency=338
Social Equity Planning=339
Maintaining Property Values=342
Environmental Protection=342
Development of Modem Planning=344
Visionaries and the Urban Ideal=344
Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement=344
Le Corbusier's City of Towers=344
Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City=346
Legal Basis for Planning=348
Box 13.1.=349
Growth of Planning as a Profession in the United States=350
Political Nature of Planning=352
Comprehensive Plans and Tools of Modern Planning=354
Box 13.2.=355
Elements and Steps in Comprehensive Plan Development=356
Zoning=358
Problems with Zoning and Responses=360
Effect of Zoning On Community=360
Exclusionary Zoning of Class and Race=364
Growth Management=365
Wrapping Up=367
Readings=367
PART Ⅵ. Cities Around the World
14. CITIES IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD=369
Western European Cities=369
Urbanization and the European City System=370
Characteristic Features of European Cities=372
Density and Compactness=372
Historical Legacy=375
Box 14.1.=376
Box 14.2.=380
Housing and Social Geography=380
Aspects of Change=384
Changing Economic Circumstances=384
Changes in the Political and Cultural Milieu=386
Box 14.3.=388
Cities in Post-Communist Eastern Europe=388
Communist Urban Development=389
Post-Communist Development=390
Cities in Japan=391
Box 14.4.=392
Structure of Japanese Cities=393
Changes in Japanese Cities=396
Wrapping Up=396
Readings=397
15. CITIES IN THE LESS DEVELOPED WORLD=399
The New Urban Majority=399
How the Cities Have Grown=400
Demographic Factors Involved in Urban Growth=402
Natural Increase=402
Urbanization Curve=403
Box 15.1.=404
Primacy=404
Box 15.2.=406
Origins of Third World Urbanization=407
Modernization Perspective=407
International Political Economy Perspective=409
Colonialism=410
Economic Disparity=412
Urban Bias=414
Characteristics of Third World Cities=415
Effects of Growth=415
Housing=417
Public-Sector Housing=417
Commercial Private-Sector Housing=419
Box 15.3.=420
Self-Help Housing=421
Employment Opportunities and the Informal Sector=423
Formal Sector=423
Informal Sector=424
Wrapping Up=426
Readings=426
16. REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN URBAN STRUCTURE AND FORM=428
The Latin American City=429
Colonial Legacies=430
Modern Latin American Cities=431
Themes of City Life=431
Spatial Layout=434
Sub-Saharan African Cities=436
Indigenous Influences=437
European Intervention=438
Modern African Cities=439
Box 16.1.=440
South Asian Cities=442
A Typology of South Asian Cities=443
Modern Challenges=446
Southeast Asian Cities=448
Indigenous Influences:Sacred and Market Cities=448
The Colonial City in Southeast Asia=450
Locational Aspects=450
The Dualistic form of the City=451
Chinese Population=451
Box 16.2.=452
Modern Cities=453
Problems of Development=454
Prosperity and Urban Form=455
Wrapping Up=456
Box 16.3.=457
Box 16.4.=458
Readings=458
Credits=461
Photo Credits=465
Index=467