목차
List of Tables xxiii
List of Figures xxvii
Introduction and Approach 1
The Perspective of Freedom 1
Inequality and Participation 8
Comparative Perspectives 11
Women's Agency and Social Change 17
Institutions and Opportunities 20
Democracy, Environment and Militarism 23
Voice, Assertion and Solidarity 28
A Concluding Remark 32
Economic Development and Social Opportunity 34
Development, Freedom and Opportunities 34
On Education and Health 38
The Social Dimension of Health and Education 41
The Government, the State and the Market 44
Interdependence between Markets and Governance 46
Market-excluding and Market-complementary Interventions 49
Market Mania and Market Phobia 53
Cooperative Action and Social Context 56
A Positive Focus 61
India in Comparative Perspective 64
India and the World 64
Lessons from Other Countries 70
East Asia and Growth-mediated Progress 73
Human Capital and More Basic Values 81
India's Internal Diversities 83
Selected Regional Perspectives 89
Political Action and Rural Development in West Bengal 94
Kerala: Scrutiny and Significance 97
Social Opportunities in Himachal Pradesh 101
Concluding Remark 110
India and China 112
Perceptions of China 112
Conditions of Life and Death 114
Contrasts in Basic Education 116
Pre-reform Achievements 120
Post-reform Records 122
Health Care in the Post-reform Period 128
Pre-reform and Post-reform Connections 130
Authoritarianism, Famines and Vulnerability 132
Coercion, Population and Fertility 134
The Real Lessons for India from China 140
Basic Education as a Political Issue 143
Basic Education and Social Change 143
The State of School Education 146
Educational Hopes and the Discouragement Effect 154
On Female Education 160
The Shifting Goalpost of Universal Elementary Education 164
Public Expenditure and Education Policy 168
School Quality and the Need for Accountability 172
The Schooling Revolution in Himachal Pradesh 177
Compulsory Schooling and the Right to Education 184
Education and Political Action 186
Population, Health and the Environment 189
India's Population: Concerns and Scrutiny 189
Malthusian Fears and the Real Issues 196
Gender Equity and the Demographic Transition 198
Health Care as a Social Responsibility 201
Reproductive Health and Beyond 208
Achievements of Tamil Nadu 213
Environment and Development 218
Consequences of Environmental Plunder 222
Environment and the Constructive Perspective 226
Gender Inequality and Women's Agency 229
Female Deprivation and Missing Women 229
On the Female-Male Ratio 231
Women's Agency and Child Survival 245
Fertility and Women's Emancipation 253
Gender Bias in Natality 257
Widowhood and Gender Relations 262
Criminal Violence: Poverty vs Patriarchy 266
Gender Equality and Social Progress 271
Security and Democracy in a Nuclear India 275
The Wages of War 275
The Moral and the Pragmatic 278
Sources of Strength and Dangers of Underestimation 280
Deterrence and Security 283
The Nuclear Debate 286
The Social Costs of Militarism 289
Defence Expenditure and Social Needs 292
Escalation: Costs and Risks 294
Militarism and Democracy 299
Well Beyond Liberalization 306
What is the Cage? 306
Radical Needs and Moderate Reforms 310
Growth and Development in the Nineties 315
Economic Reform and Social Policy 333
Hunger Amidst Plenty 336
Globalization and Inequality 340
A Concluding Remark 345
The Practice of Democracy 347
Ideals, Institutions and Practice 347
Inequality and Empowerment 352
Decentralization and Local Democracy 358
Transparency and Corruption 363
Accountability and Countervailing Power 368
Human Rights and Democracy 371
Democracy and Participation 375
Statistical Appendix 381
References 415
Subject Index 479
Name Index 500