영문목차
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction xix
1 The Scope of International Law: Definition and Treaties 1
1. A Definition 1
2. Treaties 3
3. Other Sources of International Law 7
Discussion Questions 9
2 V. S. Foreign Policy 10
1. Basic Policies 10
2. The Relationship between Foreign Policy and
International Law 13
3. Globalization and the Direction Taken by International Law 16
A. Concerns Respecting Judicial Training 20
B. Concerns Respecting National Leadership 21
C. Human Rights 22
4. Is V.S. Foreign Policy Benefiting Americans? 22
5. V.S. Compliance with Treaty Obligations and
International Law 23
A. U.N. Annual Assessments 23
B. 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Procedures 23
C. Extraterritorial Kidnapping 27
6. Conclusion 28
Discussion Questions 29
3 Terrorism, Foreign Policy, and Law 32
1. Introduction 32
2. Positive Disarray as a Response to Globalization 33
3. Definitional Problems 36
4. Al Qaeda, Taliban, Afghanistan 41
5. The Presidential Order of November 13,2001 44
6. The Department of Defense "Military Commission
Order No.1" 46
7. Courts and Terrorists 48
8. The Attorney General's Draft Statute 51
9. The Decision to Prosecute Zacarias Moussaoui 51
10. The Case of John Walker Lindh 56
11. The Cases of Yaser Esam Hamdi and Jose Padilla 58
12. The Guantanamo Detainees 67
13. The INS Deportations and Mandatory Detentions 71
14. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts 72
15. A Longer-Range Response to International Terrorism 72
16. Dealing with Bio- Terrorism 73
17. Cyber- Terrorism 75
18. Flattening the Pocket Books of the Terrorists 75
19. Conclusion 77
Discussion Questions 79
4 International Criminal Tribunals 84
1. A Permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) 85
A. Drafting the Statute 86
B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Under the Rome Statute 90
1. Territorial and Nationality Bases
for Jurisdiction 90
2. "Trigger Mechanisms" for Access to the Court 92
C. The Principle of Complementarity 92
D. Effectiveness of Concurrent Jurisdiction:
The SOFA Agreements 93
E. An Appraisal of the ICC 94
F. Rejection of the Court by the United States 97
G. Continuing Involvement by the United States 100
H. Conclusion 102
2. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (lCTFY) 103
A. The Court's First Case, 1994-2002 106
B. Getting Serbian Defendants to the Hague:
Representative Prosecutions 111
C. The Trial of Slobodan Milosevic 117
1. Indictments 118
2. Results of the Milosevic Trial 122
D. Growth of International Jurisprudence 123
E. The Establishment of "Rape Camps":
Sexual Enslavement 123
F. Croatians Charged with Crimes 124
G. Effectiveness of the ICTFY 125
3. Other Illustrations 126
A. Civil Suits in the United States:
Jurisdictional Issues 126
B. The International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda (ICTR) 128
C. Proposals for New Regional International
Criminal Tribunals 130
1. A Special Court for Sierra Leone 130
2. Proposals for Cambodia 131
3. The Proposal for Kosovo 131
D. National Tribunals: The Trial at Lockerbie 132
4. The Long-Term Effect of Judicial Proceedings Involving
International Crime 134
Discussion Questions 135
5 The Human Environment and Climate Change 141
1. Introduction 141
2. The Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro, and
Johannesburg Conferences 143
3. Special Subject Matter Treaties 144
4. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change 145
5. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, December 1997 147
6. The Buenos Aires Session, November 1998 150
7. The Beijing Session, November-December 1998150
8. The Bonn Session, July 2001 151
9. The Marrakesh Session, October, 2001, and
Recent Developments 153
10. Regional Agreements and Commitments 154
11. Economic Considerations and Advanced Technologies 156
12. The Bush Administration and the Human Environment 157
A. States and Cities Decide They Can't Wait 160
13. Conclusion 161
Discussion Questions 164
6 Anti-Personnel Land Mines: Unilateralism Prevails 167
1. Introduction 167
2. A Short Review of Earlier Efforts to Deal with Land Mines 168
3. Responses in the United States to Banning of Land Mines:
The President and Congress 170
4. Popular Interest and Effort 173
5. The 1997 U. N. Convention 173
6. Official U. S. Responses to the Convention 175
7. Demining Operations 176
8. Conclusion 177
Discussion Questions 178
7 Arms Control and Disarmament 181
1. Introduction 181
2. Important Multilateral Agreements 183
3. Bilateral Agreements with the Soviet Union-Russia,
1972-1997 185
4. National Missile Defense 187
5. Negotiating a New U.S.-Russian Disarmament Treaty 192
A. NATO and the 2001 Decision on National
Missile Defense 195
B. Responses to the Decision to Withdraw from the
1972 ABM Treaty 196
6. The U.S.-Russian Nuclear Warheads Reduction and
Limitation Treaty, May 24, 2002 201
7. Policies and Doctrines for Nuclear Weapons 204
A. Introduction 204
B. Presidential Proclamations and Directives 206
C. The IAEA Statute and Implementing Agreements 209
D. The United States, Iran and Nuclear Weapons 209
1. The United States, Russia, and Iran 212
E. North Korea and Nuclear Weapons 213
F United States - Russian Cooperative Efforts 217
G. The Bush Policy and the Proliferation Security Initiative 218
8. The World Court's Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the
Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 219
9. Conclusion 221
Discussion Questions 224
8 Immigration and United States Foreign Policy 229
1. Introduction 290
2. International Law and International Organizations 231
3. National Legislation 233
4. Polls and Platforms 236
5. President Bush and Congress 239
6. Congressional Initiatives, 2005 240
7. State and Local Responses 242
8. The Supreme Court and the Inter-American Court of
Human Rights 243
9. Conclusion 244
Discussion Questions 245
9 The Middle East Peace Process 248
1. Introduction 248
2. Participants in the Middle East Peace Process 250
3. Events Affecting the Search for Accommodation 252
4. Early American Peacemaking Efforts, Camp David, 1978 253
5. The Security Council, 1976-1982 253
6. Resumed Efforts, 1988, Israel and the Palestine Authority 254
A. Special Meetings 254
1. Madrid, 1991 254
2. Oslo, 1993, 1995 255
3. Wye River, 1998, Washington Accord 255
B. Continuing Efforts of the Clinton Administration 256
C. The Mitchell Committee, 2000-2001 258
D. The Tenet Plan, 2001 259
E. The Zinni Negotiations, 2002-2003 260
7. Security Council Resolutions, 2000-2003 260
8. New Levels of Death and Destruction, April-June 2003 261
9. Major Multilateral Efforts to Bring Peace to the Middle East 262
A. Council of Arab States, March 2002 262
B. The Bush Proposal, May 2002 263
C. The Road Map, March 2003 264
10. The Shifting Scene 2004-2005, A More Active
American Involvement 269
11. Potential for Constitutional Conflict in the United States 275
12. Conclusion 277
Discussion Questions 280
10 The Iraq Crisis of 2002-2006: Legal and Political Issues 284
1. Introduction 284
2. The Problem of No-Fly Zones 286
3. The Security Council Resolution 1441: Antecedents
and Consequences 287
4. Legality of Coalition Action Under Resolution 1441 298
5. International Law, the United Nations, and Iraq 304
6. Aggression, Collective Security, Self-Defense, and
Humanitarian Intervention 307
A. Legal Theories Justifying the Use of Force 308
1. Collective Security: The Charter, Articles
24 and 42 308
2. Self Defense: The Charter, Articles
2 2 , and 51 309
3. Anticipatory Self-Defense 309
4. Preemptive Self-Defense 311
5. Humanitarian Intervention and the Just War Theory 313
B. Legitimacy and Legality 315
7. Faulty Intelligence318
8. Implementing the Peace 322
9. The Prosecution of Saddam Hussein 323
A. Introduction 323
B. Characteristics of the Court 324
C. An Acceptable Standard of Guilt 326
D. The American Role 326
E. Choice of Tribunals 327
F. The First Case 329
G. Political Ramifications 330
10. Costs 331
11. Conclusion335
Discussion Questions 337
11 United States Oil Policy and National Security 341
1. Introduction 341
2. Restraints on Foreign Oil Production 341
3. Oil and Iraq 343
A. Oil-For-Food 343
B. Industry Modernization and Continuing
U. S. Presence 344
4. Oil and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 345
5. The North American Free Trade Agreement 347
6. Alternate Sources of Energy 348
7. Conclusion 348
Discussion Questions 349
12 Terrorism, Enemy Combatants, and Torture 352
1. The Third Geneva Convention Relating to the Treatment
of Prisoners of War 352
2. The 1984 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 355
A. The Criminal Torture Act of 1994 357
B. The Supreme Court Decision on "Lands Under
the Exclusive or Concurrent Jurisdiction of the
United States" 358
3. Other Key Provisions of the 1984 Convention 359
4. The Senate and the 1984 Convention 360
5. Senate Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations 360
A. The Principle of Division of Powers and Prosecutions Under State Laws: The 1963 Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations 361
B. Additional Senate Reservations 363
C. The Understandings 364
D. The Declarations 365
6. The Optional Protocol of December 18,2002 366
7. The Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991 367
8. The Torture Victim Relief Act of 1998 369
9. Torture and the Federal Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 370
10. Torture and Inhuman Treatment of Detainees and Prisoners
of War: The Abu Ghraib Debacle 372
11. Disarray Among the President's Legal Advisors and
the Consequences 379
12. Prosecution of U. S. Military Personnel and Civilian
Employees for Torture 387
13. The Practice of Rendition of Detainees and the Military
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000 389
14. Unlawful Combatants and the Administration of Justice 392
15. Continuing Investigations and Resulting Legislation 400
A. The Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 402
16. Conclusion Discussion Questions 405
13 Conclusion 407
Addendum 423
Index 427