목차
List of maps and tables xii
Acknowledgements xiii
List of abbreviations xv
Maps xix
Introduction 1
Un passe qui ne passe pas 1
Outline of the book 3
A word on terminology 9
PART I Lost opportunities and lost causes 13
The Vichy regime: a laboratory for the extreme right 15
The path of collaboration 15
From democracy to despotism 16
Healthy minds and healthy bodies 18
Redefining the national community 20
The National Revolution: a paradoxical project 22
Laying the ground for Vichy 24
The `divine surprise' 27
Collaboration and collaborationism 29
Literary collaborationism: Drieu La Rochelle and Brasillach 32
French `Fuhrer': Doriot, Deal, Darnand 34
Pernicious outsiders 38
Porous boundaries 40
Vichy: a fascist regime? 42
Collaboration in acts: an increasingly compliant partner 44
Collaboration in ideas: the `Jewish peril' 48
The Vichy legacy: the extreme right in post-war France 52
Liberation and retribution 52
Defending the indefensible: Maurras and Bardeche 56
Smouldering embers 58
The `Fascist International' 59
Le Pen: an apprenticeship in politics 61
Indo-China: an apprenticeship in arms 65
The Poujadist movement: a false dawn for the extreme right 68
The birth of an `ism' 68
From protest to politics 70
An alliance of convenience 71
An electoral sensation 72
Behind enemy lines 74
Dissent and disintegration 76
`Poujadolf' 77
Poujade the Republican 80
Poujadisme and ultrapoujadisme 82
A missed opportunity 84
Poujadism: a fascist movement? 85
An elusive `ism' 88
Algeria: another war, another `fascism' 90
The end of `la grande France' 90
Expanding horizons: Jeune Nation and the FEN 93
From military to ideological war 96
Algeria: `this ultimate Crusade' 98
Bardeche: defining Fascism anew 99
The extreme right and Algeria: differing responses 102
OAS: `the fascism of negation' 105
Le Pen and Algeria 108
Back to the ghetto 114
The extreme right in the 1960s: ideology and politics 117
After Algeria: ideological responses 117
Fighting lost battles still 117
Resetting the ideological compass: Europe-Action 119
After Algeria: political responses 124
From bullet to ballot: Tixier-Vignancour 127
Defeat, division, dejection 131
An instructive interlude 135
Variations on a theme 136
Defending the West: Occident 139
Divergent paths towards the new: the Nouvelle Droite and Ordre Nouveau 143
The Nouvelle Droite 143
Old ideas in a new style: GRECE 144
From `race' to `culture' 147
`Men are not born equal' 150
A few thousand 152
Friends in high places 154
Renewing `revolutionary nationalism': Ordre Nouveau 157
Towards a `national front' 163
PART II Political legitimation and the fruits of electoralism 167
Engaging with democracy: the Front National 1972-81 169
Strategy 169
Electoral and political evolution 171
The 1973 legislative elections 171
Electoral programme 172
Scission and reconstitution 174
The 1974 presidential election 176
Freres-ennemis: the FN and PEN 178
The 1978 legislative elections 179
Scission and reconstitution --- again 180
The 1979 European elections 181
The 1981 presidential and legislative elections 182
The FN in the 1970s 183
Ideas 185
Immigration 185
Political credo 187
Economic credo 188
The politics of the wilderness 190
Electoral breakthrough and consolidation: the Front National 1981-88 192
An unprecedented result 193
Preparing the ground 194
Early fruits of success 197
The wider context: France in the early 1980s 198
The economy 199
Law and order 200
Immigration 201
The left's fall from grace 204
A convergence of causes 205
Raising the stakes: 1984-88 209
The FN programme in the mid-1980s: change and continuity 212
The FN in parliament 216
Radicalising the right: the `original' and the `copy' 217
The 1988 presidential and legislative elections 219
Running as outsider 220
The devil in the detail 221
A political `earthquake' 224
An unholy alliance 227
The FN in the 1980s 229
From strength to strength: the Front National 1988-95 232
New political variables 232
The 1989 municipal and European elections 234
Ethnic relations: a worsening climate 235
The `affaire du foulard' 235
Political discourse 237
The FN's `50 Measures' 239
Nation and Europe: redrawing the borders 240
Party structure: continuity and renewal 244
More elections, mixed results 246
The 1995 presidential election 251
Pushing the bounds: the Front National 1995-2002 259
Municipal power: the FN in local government 259
The 1997 legislative elections 264
The FN electorate in the 1990s 268
The FN programme: a `third way'? 271
Strategic dilemmas and dissensions 275
Raising the pressure: the 1998 regional and cantonal elections 277
A damaging split 278
The 2002 presidential election: a `seismic shock' 281
An indifferent campaign 282
A `seismic shock' 284
Rather the `crook' than the `fascist' 288
The 2002 legislative elections: towards a `UMP state' 290
Looking back and forward: the Front National since 2002 295
The 2004 regional elections: a `21 April in reverse' 295
A new record for the FN 296
1984-2004: twenty years on 299
Ambiguous auguries 302
Apres-Le Pen: storm clouds gathering 304
Vichy: an enduring reference 306
The long view 308
The FN: a fascist party? 310
A less `extreme' extreme right? 312
Looking back and forward 316
Appendix 319
Notes 320
Bibliography 369
Index 384