목차
A Message from the Author xiii
Map of the Arab World xx
Preface xxi
Introduction: Patterns of Change 1
Modernization 1
The Arab Human Development Reports 6
The Effects of Change 7
The Muslim View 8
Facing the Future 11
Beliefs and Values 13
Basic Arab Values 15
Basic Arab Religious Attitudes 15
Basic Arab Self-Perceptions 16
Friends and Strangers 17
The Concept of Friendship 17
Reciprocal Favors 17
Introductions 19
Visiting Patterns 20
Business Friendships 22
Office Relations 23
Criticism 24
Intermediaries 25
Private and Public Manners 26
Emotion and Logic 27
Objectivity and Subjectivity 27
Fatalism 28
What Is Reality? 28
The Human Dimension 30
Persuasion 31
Getting Personal 33
Personal Questions 33
Sensitive Subjects 34
Social Distance 35
Gestures 37
Names 38
Men and Women 43
Social Interaction 43
Displaying Intimacy 45
The Status of Women 45
Women's Right to Vote 46
Women in Government Positions 47
Women's Power in the Family 48
The Headscarf and the Veil 49
Polygamy 50
Traditional Gender Roles 52
Western Women 53
Social Formalities and Etiquette 55
Hospitality 55
Time and Appointments 57
Discussing Business 58
Sharing Meals 59
Smoking 62
Rules of Etiquette 62
The Social Structure 67
Social Classes 67
Image and Upper-Class Behavior 68
Dealing with Service People 69
The Role of the Family 71
Family Loyalty and Obligations 71
Relations among Family Members 73
Marriage 75
Divorce 76
Child-Rearing Practices 77
Talking about Your Family 78
Religion and Society 81
Religious Affiliation 81
Religious Practices 81
The Religion of Islam 83
The Qur'an and the Bible 87
Passages from the Qur'an 90
Communicating with Arabs 93
Varieties of Arabic 94
The Superiority of Arabic 95
The Prestige of Classical Arabic 95
Eloquence of Speech 97
Speech Mannerisms 98
The Power of Words 99
Euphemisms 100
The Written Word 100
Proverbs 101
Islamic Fundamentalism (Islamism) 103
Definitions and Numbers 103
Jihad 107
Islamists and Muslim Society 107
Mainstream Muslims 109
Anti-Americanism 113
Reasons for Arab Anger 115
Arab/Muslim and Some Western Views 115
Some American Views 117
Arab/Muslim Views on American Culture 122
Views on Western-Style Democracy 122
Islam 127
Anti-Islam Comments 127
Defense-of-Islam Comments 128
Arabs and Muslims in the West 131
Arabs in the United States 131
Muslims in the United States and Canada 132
Muslims in Europe 134
The Image of Arabs and Muslims 137
In America 138
In Europe and Australia 138
Conclusion 145
The Arab Countries: Similarities and Differences 147
The Maghrib 148
Morocco 149
Algeria 151
Tunisia 153
Libya 155
Northeastern Africa 157
Egypt 157
Sudan 160
The Levant 163
Lebanon 163
Syria 166
Jordan 168
Iraq 170
The Arabian Peninsula 173
Saudi Arabia 173
Yemen 178
The Arabian Gulf States 181
Kuwait 181
Bahrain 183
Qatar 185
United Arab Emirates 186
Oman 188
Conclusion 191
Appendix: The Arabic Language 193
Colloquial Arabic Dialects 194
Attitudes Toward Dialects 196
The Structure of Arabic 196
Arabic Writing 198
Calligraphy As an Art Form 199
Social Greetings 199
End Notes 203
Bibliography and References 231
Index 255
About the Author 261