영문목차
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Abbreviations xiii
List of Tables xv
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Legislation xix
Introduction 1
1. 'Race', Ethnicity, and Racism in Europe 7
A. 'Race' and Racism 8
B. Scientific, Cultural, and Institutional Racism 9
C. 'Race', Ethnicity, and Law 12
D. Groups Vulnerable to Racism 17
E. Intersectionality and Racism 21
F. Conclusions 24
2. Racism and Equality 27
A. Formal Equality 28
The limits of formal equality 29
B. Substantive Equality 31
The limits of substantive equality 36
Accommodating difference 36
Equality of opportunity or outcome 37
Reflecting diversity 40
C. Conclusions 42
3. Mainstreaming Ethnic Equality 43
A. The Emergence of Mainstreaming 44
B. Explaining the Rise of Mainstreaming 45
Weaknesses in existing equality law instruments 45
Mainstreaming and EU governance 48
C. Models of Mainstreaming 50
The goals of mainstreaming 51
Methods of mainstreaming 52
Expert-bureaucratic methods 52
Participatory-democratic methods 53
The instruments of mainstreaming 55
Defining the duty 55
Impact assessment 56
Measuring progress 58
D. Conclusions 60
4. Racism and Anti-Discrimination 63
A. Racism and Anti-Discrimination Legislation 63
The main elements of the Racial Equality Directive 65
Racism and the Racial Equality Directive 67
Equality and the Racial Equality Directive 68
B Racism and Anti-Discrimination Policy 71
Pre-Article 13 71
Target groups 71
Key actors 72
Policy orientations 73
Post-Article 13 74
Target groups 75
Key actors 78
Civil society 78
Institutional actors 79
Policy orientations 82
Moving from anti-racism to anti-discrimination 82
Recognizing the limits of individual litigation 82
Mainstreaming and data collection 83
C. Conclusions 85
5. Employment 89
A. Employment Legislation 92
B. The European Employment Strategy 94
The structure of the Employment Strategy 95
Ethnic equality and the Employment Strategy 96
Mainstreaming ethnic equality into the Employment Strategy 101
C. The European Social Fund 103
Mainstreaming and the European Social Fund 104
Ethnic equality and the European Social Fund 105
The Integra programme 1997-1999 106
The Equal programme 2000-2006 107
The European Social Fund 2007-2013 109
D. Conclusions 109
6. Social Inclusion: Education, Health, and Housing 113
A. From Combating Poverty to Promoting Social Inclusion 117
B. The Social Inclusion Process 118
C. Promoting Ethnic Equality and the Social Inclusion Process 120
From invisibility to key objectives 120
Mainstreaming ethnic equality into social inclusion policy 123
Target groups 123
Data collection 123
Concept of racism 125
Mainstreaming via the OMC 125
D EU Policies on Education and Health 127
Education 127
Education programmes 128
Applying the OMC to education 129
Mainstreaming ethnic equality and education policy 130
Health 132
E. Conclusions 134
7. Immigration and Integration 137
A. Can Ethnic Equality Objectives be Mainstreamed into Immigration Law? 139
B. Irregular Migrants 141
C. Legal Migrants 145
Overview of the current legal framework 146
A framework for equality? 148
D. Integration Policy 149
The principal elements of EU integration policy 150
Integration policy and mainstreaming ethnic equality 151
E. Conclusions 155
8. Criminal Law 157
A. Criminal Law and the EU Treaty 159
B. Using Criminal Law to Combat Racism 161
The 1996 Joint Action on racism and xenophobia 161
The Framework Decision on racism and xenophobia 164
Cross-border cooperation on combating racist crime 168
Combating racist media via the EC Treaty 171
Racist offences and EU criminal law 172
C. Promoting Ethnic Equality in the Criminal Justice System 173
Data collection 174
Funding programmes 176
D. Conclusions 177
Conclusions 179
A. Combating Racism and Promoting Equality 180
Target groups and intersectionality 182
B. Models of Mainstreaming and Styles of Governance 185
C. Looking to the Future 188
Bibliography 191
A. European Union Official Documentation (Commission, Council, Parliament) 191
B. General Bibliography 197
Index 215