영문목차
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
1 Introduction: history, geography and demography 1
1.1 Newfoundland and Labrador English as a distinct speech variety 1
1.2 From European discovery to the present: an historical overview 4
1.3 Settlement history and regional differences 10
1.4 A note on the terminology used in this volume 16
2 Phonetics and phonology 19
2.1 Phonetics and phonology: some basic terminology 19
2.2 Vowel patterns 241
2.3 Consonant features 44
2.4 Sound segments in contact: deletion, insertion, assimilation 62
2.5 Prosodic features 64
2.6 A final note 66
3 Morphosyntax 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 The verb 70
3.3 Nouns, pronouns and determiners 82
3.4 Other lexical categories 92
3.5 Non-standard syntactic features 97
3.6 Concluding remarks 101
4 Vocabulary and discourse features 102
4.1 The conservative nature of NLE lexicon 103
4.2 The southwest English contribution 105
4.3 The Irish contribution 106
4.4 Fishery and maritime-related vocabulary 109
4.5 New words and meanings in NLE 113
4.6 Regional variation 120
4.7 Discourse features 123
4.8 Recent lexical change and lexical loss 128
5 Language attitudes and language change 132
5.1 Outsiders' views of Newfoundland and Labrador 132
5.2 Attitudes to Newfoundland dialects 134
5.3 Academic and educational perspectives 138
5.4 Recent phonological and grammatical change 140
5.5 Change at the levels of lexicon and discourse 150
5.6 Concluding remarks 155
6 Survey of previous work 157
6.1 Observations on NLE prior to 1950 158
6.2 Post-1950: linguistic approaches to NLE 162
6.3 Ongoing and future research 167
7 Sample texts 170
7.1 Conservative NBE 171
7.2 Conservative NIE 175
7.3 Conservative NBE r-deleting: Speaker 5 179
7.4 Conservative NBE Labrador speakers 181
7.5 Contemporary younger speakers 185
References 191
Index 205