영문목차
1. Introduction=1
2. Background for the Empirical Analyses : Institutional Details and Data=7
2.1. The German Welfare System and Its 2005 Reform=7
2.2. Selected Indicators on Macroeconomic Conditions and the Welfare System in Germany from 2000 to 2009=14
2.3. Data Sources=22
2.3.1. Data Base Used in Chapters 3 and 4=26
2.3.2. Data Base Used in Chapters 5 and 6=29
3. Centralized versus Decentralized Welfare Administration=33
3.1. Introductory Remarks=33
3.2. Estimation Sample=35
3.3. Estimation Approach=35
3.3.1. Estimation of the Average Effect of Treatment on the Treated=35
3.3.2. Plausibility of the Conditional Independence Assumption and Specification of the Propensity Score=37
3.3.3. Common Support and Balancing Quality of the Matching Estimator=40
3.4. Empirical Results=42
3.5. A Closer Look at the Black Box of Welfare Administration=46
3.6. Summary=49
4. The Employment Effects of an Intensified Use of Benefit Sanctions=51
4.1. Introductory Remarks=51
4.2. Data Preparation and Estimation Sample=54
4.3. Estimation Approach=55
4.4. Empirical Analysis=61
4.4.1. Descriptive Evidence=61
4.4.2. Estimation Results=65
4.5. Summary=71
5. The Effectiveness of Temporary Extra Jobs and Short-Term Training Programs=73
5.1. Introductory Remarks=73
5.2. Related Literature=75
5.3. Institutional Background=79
5.3.1. Temporary Extra Jobs=79
5.3.2. Short-Term Training Programs=81
5.4. Data for Empirical Analysis=83
5.4.1. Estimation Sample and Available Information=83
5.4.2. Characterization of the Sampled Immigrants and Natives=85
5.5. Evaluation Approach=88
5.5.1. Estimation of Treatment Effects=88
5.5.2. Plausibility of the Dynamic Conditional Independence Assumption and Implementation of the Matching Estimator=91
5.5.3. Estimation of the Immigrant Fixed Effect=94
5.6. Empirical Results=97
5.6.1. Quality of the Estimates=97
5.6.2. Program Effects=99
5.6.3. Immigrant Fixed Effects=108
5.6.4. Effects for Subgroups of Immigrants=110
5.7. Summary=114
6. Fiscal Cost-Benefit Analyses for Temporary Extra Jobs and Short-Term Training Programs=117
6.1. Introductory Remarks=117
6.2. Conceptual Framework=121
6.3. Determination of Fiscal Costs and Benefits=124
6.3.1. Fiscal Costs=124
6.3.2. Fiscal Benefits=125
6.4. Comparison of Fiscal Costs and Benefits=134
6.5. Summary=138
7. Conclusions=141
Appendices=149
Appendix to Chapter 2=151
Appendix to Chapter 3=155
Appendix to Chapter 4=177
Appendix to Chapter 5=187
Appendix to Chapter 6=219
List of Abbreviations=245
List of Figures=247
List of Tables=249
References=253