영문목차
PREFACE=xiii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS=xvii
PART I. FUNDAMENTALS AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR
1. What Is the Nonprofit Sector?=1
Nonprofits and Public Problems=2
What Is a Nonprofit?=4
Public Charities=5
Other 501(c) Nonprofits=7
Foundations=8
Classification of Nonprofits=12
Scope and Function of the Nonprofit Sector=13
Growth of the Nonprofit Sector=14
Economic Impact of Nonprofits=16
Philanthropy and Policy Solutions=17
Public Problems and the Policy Process=18
Stages of the Policy Process=20
Collaboration=21
Our Approach=22
Questions for Review=25
Assignment=25
Suggested Readings=25
Web Resources=26
2. Federalism and the Relationships between the Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Sectors=27
The U.S. Federal System and Its Relationship with Nonprofit Organizations=28
Nonprofit Federalism=31
The Three Sectors=32
Characteristics of the Three Sectors=33
Intersectorality and Welfare Policy=36
Faith-Based Organizations=37
Not-for-Profit Organizations as Government Contractors=38
Intersectoral Competition=39
Intersectoral Collaboration=41
Conclusion=48
Questions for Review=49
Assignment=50
Suggested Readings=50
Web Resources=50
3. Theories of the Nonprofit Sector and Policy Change=51
Theories of the Nonprofit Sector=52
Demand-Side Theories : Nonprofits Form to Respond to Unmet Needs=52
Supply-Side Approach : Personal Interests and Resources Drive the Development of Nonprofits=55
Demand and Supply : Instrumental vs. Expressive Rationales=56
Nonprofits and Public Policy : Functional and Legislative Theories of Federalism=61
Theories of Policy Change=62
Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory : Explaining Non-Incremental Policy Change=62
Multiple Streams Theory : Coupling Problems, Policies, and Politics for Change=66
Stages of the Process as Venues for Policy Change=67
Policy Change in the States=68
Conclusion=69
Questions for Review=70
Assignment=70
Suggested Readings=70
Web Resources=70
4. Regulating Not-for-Profit Organizations=71
Regulatory Policy Increasingly Affects Nonprofits=72
Nonprofits Subject to Federal Government Regulation=73
Rules and Regulations of the Internal Revenue Service=73
Lobbying : IRS and Supreme Court Action Regarding Nonprofits' Political Activity=78
Congressional Oversight and Legislation Directly Affect Nonprofit Action=79
State Regulation : Offices of the Secretary of State and Attorney General=85
Board Members and the Duty of Care=85
Donor-Imposed Restrictions on Gifts=85
Regulation of Charitable Solicitations by the States=89
Indirect Regulation : Courts and Contracts=89
Government Grants and Contract Compliance=90
Regulation through the Courts=90
Self-Regulation in the Voluntary Sector=91
Watchdog Groups as Sector Regulators=91
Using Accreditation to Enforce Standards and Best Practices=92
Conclusion=94
Questions for Review=95
Assignment=95
Suggested Readings=95
Web Resources=96
PART II. STRATEGIES OF NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
5. The Role of Mission and Strategic Management=97
The Mission : Critical for Nonprofit Success=97
Organizational Values and the Role of Stakeholders=99
The Role of Leadership in Planning and Meeting Needs=100
Managing the Mission=102
The Nonprofit Mission and Change=103
The Importance of the Mission Statement=107
Organizational Vision=109
Strategic Planning and Management=111
Organizational Goals=112
Organizational Accounting=112
Systematic Planning=114
Measuring and Evaluating Outcomes=115
Learning from Evaluation=116
Conclusion=117
Questions for Review=118
Assignment=118
Suggested Readings=118
Web Resources=118
6. Lobbying and Advocacy : Politics, Policy, and Possibilities=119
Articulating the Nonprofit Voice within Governmental Constraints=120
Nonprofit Advocacy Can Shape the Policy Environment=122
The Importance of Advocacy in Pursuit of Mission=123
What Is "Lobbying?"=130
Myths about Nonprofits and Lobbying=131
Lobbying Allowable under the Law=131
Limits on Lobbying : The "Substantial Part Test" and 501(h)=134
Other Options : 501(c)(4) Affiliation and Professional Lobbyists=135
Public Policy Advocacy and Foundations=137
Shaping Policy, Strengthening Community=138
Conclusion=139
Questions for Review=140
Assignment=140
Suggested Readings=141
Web Resources=141
7. Ethics and Accountability=143
Developing Organizational Commitment to Ethics and Accountability=144
Defining Ethics=145
Transparency Combats Corruption, Inhibits Compromise, and Affects Policy=145
The Importance of Accountability=150
Fostering a Strong Ethical Culture=151
System of Accountability : Influences on Nonprofit Behavior=153
External Constraints on Nonprofits=153
Internal Measures Exercised by Nonprofits=158
Conclusion=160
Questions for Review=161
Assignment=162
Suggested Readings=162
Web Resources=162
8. Marketing the Nonprofit Organization=163
Marketing Basics=164
General Marketing Principles and Techniques=165
Marketing in a Nonprofit Environment=165
The Importance of a Marketing Plan=166
Identifying the Nonprofit's Target Audience=167
Differentiating the Nonprofit through Positioning=174
Developing the Nonprofit's Brand Identity=175
Corporate Social Responsibility as a Source of Nonprofit Support=180
Nonprofit Fundraising Events and Corporate Sponsorship=180
Benefits and Risks of Product Endorsements and Licensing Agreements=181
Cause-Related Marketing=182
Conclusion=184
Questions for Review=185
Assignment=185
Suggested Readings=186
Web Resources=186
9. Resource Development : Capacity, Campaigns, and Commercial Ventures=187
Fiscal Health and Capacity=188
Nonprofit Sustainability=189
Resource Dependence and Revenue Diversification=191
Sources of Revenue and Their Relation to Mission=192
Earned Income as a Stable Source of Revenue=193
Commercial Ventures : Bake Sales to Thrift Shops=194
Social Enterprises : Market Principles for Social Aims=195
The Role of Corporate Giving and Sponsorship=197
Why Corporations Give=197
The Influence of Corporate Philanthropy=198
Individual Contributions and Fundraising=199
Using Electronic Media to Solicit Contributions=200
The Gift of Giving=201
Special Events Fundraising=202
Endowments Promote Long-Term Viability=203
Legal Restrictions on Endowments=204
The Policy Implications of Charitable Giving=206
Conclusion=210
Questions for Review=211
Assignment=211
Suggested Readings=211
Web Resources=212
10. Resource Development : Grants=213
The Role of Grants in the Nonprofit Sector=214
Types of Grants=214
Project or Program Grants=215
Operating Grants=216
Seed Money=217
Challenge/Matching Grants=218
Government Grants and Fee-for-Service Contracts=218
Distribution of Government Grants=221
Public Goods and Services via Government Contracts=223
Foundation Funding=225
Types of Foundations=226
Preparing a Grant Proposal=229
Getting Started=229
Budget and Project Narratives=229
Submitting the Proposal=231
Public Policy Consequences of Grants and Contracts=232
Government Funding of Policy Priorities=232
Foundation Funding to Influence Policy=234
Conclusion=236
Questions for Review=237
Assignment=237
Suggested Readings=238
Web Resources=238
PART III. MANAGEMENT ISSUES
11. Administration and Management=239
Managing Nonprofit Organizations=239
Organizational Structures and Behavior=240
Systems Theory and the Impact of Internal and External Pressures=241
Differing Management Needs across Sectors=245
Good Management in the Nonprofit Sector=246
Nonprofit Effectiveness and Efficiency=249
Organizational Reforms and the Quest for Improvement=251
Capacity Building and Successful Nonprofits=252
Organizational Reform Efforts and Management Challenges Unique to Nonprofits=253
Financial Management and Budgeting=255
Financial Issues Unique to Nonprofit Organizations=256
Investment Strategies=257
Nonprofit Budgeting : Roles and Responsibilities=258
Nonprofit Budgeting : Types of Budgets and Financial Statements=262
Conclusion=265
Questions for Review=266
Assignment=266
Suggested Readings=266
Web Resources=267
12. Nonprofit Governance and Leadership=269
The Shared Responsibility of Nonprofit Governance and Leadership=270
Governance and Achieving the Mission of Nonprofit Organizations=271
Theories of Organizational Leadership=272
Boards and Executives as Leaders=273
The Relationship between Boards and Executives=274
Transfers in Executive Leadership=275
The Difference That Leadership Makes=279
Boards of Directors=281
Theories of Nonprofit Board Behavior=281
The Legal Environment of Nonprofit Boards=282
What We Know about Nonprofit Boards=285
Roles and Responsibilities of Board Members=286
Board Structure and Development=289
Best Practices for Boards=291
Conclusion=294
Questions for Review=295
Assignment=295
Suggested Readings=295
Web Resources=296
13. Managing Human Resources : Volunteers and Staff=297
Management of Nonprofit Human Resources=297
Strategic Human Resource Management=299
Recruitment and Assessment=301
Motivating Nonprofit Employees=302
Performance=304
The Growth of Professionalism in Nonprofit Organizations=307
Volunteers and the Coproduction of Work=308
Volunteer Management=309
Who Volunteers?=310
Volunteer Recruitment=311
Volunteer Retention=313
Personnel Conflict and Dispute Resolution=316
Employment Law and Nonprofit Organizations=318
Conclusion=323
Questions for Review=323
Assignment=324
Suggested Readings=324
Web Resources=324
14. Evaluating Success=325
Nonprofit Evaluation : Measuring Outcomes to Ensure Accountability=325
Why Do We Evaluate?=327
Evaluation in the Policymaking Process=327
Using Evaluation for Mission Advancement=328
What Do We Evaluate? : Organizational Performance=329
Financial Ratios=329
Social Accounting=329
Process Evaluation=330
Nonprofit Dashboards=330
The Role of Third Party Watchdogs=331
What Do We Evaluate? : Program Performance=332
Who Is Involved in the Evaluation Process?=333
Professional Evaluation Services=334
Self-Evaluation=334
Program Theories and Logic Models=335
How Do We Evaluate?=336
Determining Measures and Selecting Indicators=337
Collecting Data=341
Analyzing the Quantitative Data=343
Reporting, Presenting, and Using the Findings=344
Practical Concerns=347
Evaluation Fears and Limitations=347
Political Concerns=347
The Consequences of Neglecting Evaluation=349
Conclusion=350
Questions for Review=350
Assignment=351
Suggested Readings=351
Web Resources=351
PART IV. THE FUTURE OF THE NONPROFIT SECTOR
15. Looking Forward : Emerging Trends for Managing Nonprofits=353
Policy Consequences and Increasing Complexity for the Nonprofit Sector=354
The Past and Future for Nonprofits and Public Policy=355
Important Trends Affecting the Nonprofit Sector=357
Trends Affecting Government-Nonprofit Relationships=357
Trends Affecting the Relationships between the For-Profit and Voluntary Sectors=360
Nonprofit Trends That Blur the Lines between Sectors=362
Implications of Emerging Trends for the Nonprofit Sector=364
Potential Negative Consequences of Emerging Trends=364
Conclusion=366
Questions for Review=367
Assignment=367
Suggested Readings=367
Web Resources=368
NOTES=369
INDEX=399