영문목차
List of figures, tables and maps=viii
Acknowledgements=xi
PART I. ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
1. Introduction=3
2. Framing the economic setting : structure and development=16
3. Climate and climatic change=63
PART II. THE DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS : MORTALITY, FERTILITY AND MIGRATION
4. Mortality=101
5. Fertility=172
6. Migration=210
PART III. POPULATION SIZE
7. Counting Romans=216
8. Archaeology and population. Demography from potsherds?=298
9. Summary and conclusion=342
Appendix 1=351
Appendix 2=354
Bibliography=364
Index=400
2.1. Scholarly estimates of slave numbers in Italy(Augustan period)=36
4.1. Best fit of life tables to Roman census data and Ulpian life table=112
4.2. Model life table (e0=25)-Coale and Demeny West Model=121
4.3. Model life table (e0=25)-Woods' South Model(Chile)=121
4.4. Model life table (e0=25)-Navrongo(Ghana) Model=122
4.5. Model life table (e0=25)-Morogoro(Tanzania) Model=122
4.6. Model life table (e0=25)-Butajira(Ethiopia) Model=123
6.1. Demographic summary of migrants identified by bioarchaeological studies=235
6.2. Sex ratios among migrants on grave inscriptions from Rome Source : Noy(2000).=239
6.3. Sex ratios of Roman grave inscriptions for deceased individuals aged 20-34 Source : All data except no. 1 taken from Saller(1994), pp. 28-31 ; see for no. 1 Table 6.2).=241
7.1. Population size and population trends in a nutshell : main interpretative scenarios as derived from key figures=276
7.2. The late Republican census : assumptions and advantages of a sui iuris interpretation over an all-adult-males hypothesis=280
7.3. Three hypothetical middle count scenarios=293
8.1. Settlement trends between late Republic(LR) and early Empire(EE), according to Launaro(2011) 150=304
8.2. Correlation between % increase in attested farms and initial site size=310
8.3. Trend increases in farm sites by group=311
8.4. Site trends for survey areas that covered diverse ecological environments(lowlands as well as higher terrains)=315
8.5. Site trends in large sites that covered diverse ecological environments(lowlands as well as higher terrains)=317
8.6. Number of identified Republican sites in the Tiber Valley by period and number of black-gloss potsherds Source : based on Di Giuseppe(2005), Appendix 2, pp. 77-84.=323
8.7. Type of diagnostic material that enabled the identification of site occupation : late Republic versus early Empire Sources : Potenza Valley : Percossi et al.(2006). Liri Valley : Hayes and Martini(1994). Rieti Basin : Coccia et al.(1995)=326
8.8. Mean number of identified sites by accessibility of location=330
8.9. Increase in site numbers late Republic to early Empire, by location type=331
2.1. Causal interrelations between economy and demography Source : adapted and expanded from Scheidel(2007b), p. 54.=17
3.1. The earth's climate system and potential causes (forcings) of climate change Source : adapted from Beer, Vonmoos, and Muscheler(2006).=71
3.2. 'Φ' graphed over time Source : Beer, Vonmoos and Muscheler(2006).=74
3.3. Population and climate trends c.1300-1800 CE Source : Galloway(1986), p. 16. © J. Wiley and Sons Ltd.=90
3.4. Climate and demographic developments=91
4.1. Best fit models : age-specific death rates compared=113
4.2. Roman census figures(third and second centuries BCE)=143
4.3. Schematic depiction of demographic crisis and post-crisis recovery=148
5.1. Distribution of natural fertility : comparison of 70 controlled fertility populations with 70 natural fertility populations Source : Redrawn from Campbell & Wood 1988, p. 42.=196
5.2. Age-specific fertility schedules : controlled fertility vs natural fertility for populations with marriage starting from age 12 Source : Redrawn after Coale and Trussell 1974, p. 193.=198
6.1. Push- and pull-factors towards migration and types of migration=212
6.2. Box-plot of the observed, possible (95% c.i.) and expected percentage males aged 20-34 on funerary inscriptions from the Roman Empire=243
6.3. A comparison between percentages of women ever married in London and Rome=252
7.1. From census declaration to census figures : a visualization of administrative processes implied by the all-adult-males hypothesis (Model 1) and sui iuris hypothesis(Model 2)=283
7.2. Share of citizen population in Italy included in the census figures according to the sui iuris hypothesis=288
8.1. Change in numbers of farms in survey areas from Republic to Empire a. Changes displayed on normal scale. b. Changes displayed on log scale. Source : Launaro(2011) 150, Table 6.1.=305
8.2. Villa site change from Republic to Empire a. Changes displayed on normal scale. b. Changes displayed on log scale. Source : Launaro(2011) 150, Table 6.1.=306
8.3. Scatterplot of farm site size(x-axis) plotted against % increase over time(y-axis)=309
1. Map of Italy=xiii
2. The Roman Empire=xiv
3. The Roman Empire : a double-layered core-periphery model=33