영문목차
List of figures=xiv
List of maps=xv
List of tables=xvii
List of illustrations=xviii
Acknowledgements=xix
Preface to the fifth edition=xx
PART I. WAR AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. The world in 1914 : outbreak of the First World War=3
1.1. Prologue=3
1.2. The world in 1914=3
1.3. Events leading up to the outbreak of war=7
1.4. What caused the war, and who was to blame?=11
Further reading=17
Questions=17
2.The First World War and its aftermath=18
Summary of events=18
2.1. 1914=19
2.2. 1915=21
2.3. 1916=23
2.4. The war at sea=25
2.5. 1917=27
2.6. The Central Powers defeated=28
2.7. The problems of making a peace settlement=32
2.8. The Treaty of Versailles with Germany=34
2.9. The peace treaties with Austria-Hungary=38
2.10. The settlement with Turkey and Bulgaria=39
2.11. Verdict on the peace settlement=41
Further reading=41
Questions=42
3.The League of Nations=43
Summary of events=43
3.1.What were the origins of the League?=43
3.2.How was the League organised?=44
3.3.The successes of the League=45
3.4.Why did the League fail to preserve peace?=46
Further reading=50
Questions=50
4. International relations, 1919-33=51
Summary of events=51
4.1. What attempts were made to improve international relations, and how successful were they?=52
4.2. How did France try to deal with the problem of Germany between 1919 and 1933?=55
4.3. How did relations between the USSR and Britain, Germany and France develop between 1919 and 1933?=57
4.4. The 'successor' states=60
4.5. United States foreign policy, 1919-33=66
Further reading=68
Questions=68
5. International relations, 1933-39=69
Summary of events=69
5.1. Relations between Japan and China=70
5.2. Mussolini's foreign policy=72
5.3. What were Hitler's aims in foreign policy and how successful had he been by the end of 1938?=75
5.4. What is meant by the term 'appeasement'? How could such a policy be justified, and what part did it play in international affairs between 1935 and 1939?=78
5.5. Munich to the outbreak of war : September 1938 to September 1939=81
5.6. Why did war break out? Were Hitler or the appeasers to blame?=83
Further reading=87
Questions=88
6. The Second World War, 1939-45=89
Summary of events=89
6.1. Opening moves : September 1939 to December 1940=90
6.2. The Axis offensive widens : 1941 to the summer of 1942=94
6.3. The offensives held in check : summer 1942 to summer 1943=99
6.4. What part was played in the war by Allied naval forces?=101
6.5. What contribution did air power make to the defeat of the Axis?=102
6.6. The Axis powers defeated : July 1943 to August 1945=104
6.7. Why did the Axis powers lose the war?=109
6.8. The Holocaust=110
6.9. What were the effects of the war?=117
Further reading=120
Questions=121
7. The Cold War : problems of international relations after the Second World War=122
Summary of events=122
7.1. What caused the Cold War?=123
7.2. How did the Cold War develop between 1945 and 1953?=125
7.3. To what extent was there a thaw after 1953=133
7.4. The nuclear arms race and the Cuban missiles crisis (1962)=136
Further reading=140
Questions=140
8. The spread of communism outside Europe and its effects on international relations=142
Summary of events=142
8.1. The war in Korea and its effects on international relations=143
8.2. Cuba : why did Castro come to power and how were Cuba's foreign relations affected?=147
8.3. The wars in Vietnam, 1946-54 and 1961-75=149
8.4. Chile under Salvador Allende 1970-3=155
8.5. More United States interventions=157
8.6. Detente : international relations from the l970s to the 1990s=160
8.7. The collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War : international relations transformed=163
Further reading=165
Questions=166
9. The United Nations Organization=167
Summary of events=167
9.1. The structure of the United Nations Organization=167
9.2. How different is the United Nations from the League of Nations?=170
9.3. How successful has the UN been as a peacekeeping organization?=171
9.4. UN peacekeeping since the end of the Cold War=175
9.5. What other work is the UN responsible for?=177
9.6. Verdict on the United Nations Organization=181
9.7. What about the future of the UN?=184
Further reading=185
Questions=185
10. The Two Europes, East and West since 1945=186
Summary of events=186
10.1. The states of western Europe=187
10.2. The growth of unity in western Europe=191
10.3. The early days of the European Community=192
10.4. The European Community from 1972 to Maastricht (1991)=197
10.5. Communist unity in eastern Europe=202
10.6. Why and how did communism collapse in eastern Europe?=207
10.7. Civil war in Yugoslavia=212
10.8. Europe since Maastricht=217
10.9. The European Union in Crisis=221
Further reading=223
Questions=223
11. Conflict in the Middle East=225
Summary of events=225
11.1. Arab unity and interference from the outside world=227
11.2. The creation of Israel and the Arab-Israeli war 1948-9=230
11.3. The Suez War of 1956=232
11.4. The Six Day War of 1967=234
11.5. The Yom Kippur War of 1973=236
11.6. Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli peace, 1978-9=237
11.7. Peace between Israel and the PLO=238
11.8. Conflict in the Lebanon=240
11.9. The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-8=244
11.10. The Gulf War, 1990-1=246
11.11. Israelis and Palestinians fight again=247
Further reading=255
Questions=256
12. The new world order and the war against global terrorism=257
Summary of events=257
12.1. The new world order=259
12.2. The rise of global terrorism=261
12.3. 11 September 2001 and the 'war on terrorism'=265
12.4. The downfall of Saddam Hussein=270
12.5. The continuing war in Afghanistan=277
12.6. The problem of Iran=279
12.7. The Arab Spring=282
Further reading=292
Questions=292
PART II. THE RISE OF FASCISM AND GOVERNMENTS OF THE RIGHT
13. Italy 1918-45 : the first appearance of fascism=295
Summary of events=295
13.1. Why was Mussolini able to come to power?=295
13.2. What did the term 'fascism' stand for?=299
13.3. Mussolini tries to introduce the fascist state=299
13.4. What benefits did fascism bring for the Italian people?=303
13.5. Opposition and downfall=306
Further reading=308
Questions=308
14. Germany 1918-45 : the Weimar Republic and Hitler=309
Summary of events=309
14.1. Why did the Weimar Republic collapse?=310
14.2. What did National Socialism stand for?=317
14.3. Hitler consolidates his power=319
14.4. How was Hitler able to stay in power?=320
14.5. Nazism and Fascism=329
14.6. How successful was Hitler in domestic affairs?=330
Further reading=333
Questions=334
15. Japan and Spain=335
Summary of events=335
15.1. Japan before the Second World War=336
15.2. Japan recovers=338
15.3. Spain=342
Further reading=347
Questions=348
PART III. COMMUNISM―RISE AND DECLINE
16. Russia and the revolutions, 1900-24=351
Summary of events=351
16.1. After 1905 : were the 1917 revolutions inevitable?=351
16.2. The two revolutions : March and November 1917=355
16.3. How successfully did Lenin and the Bolsheviks deal with their problems (1917-24)?=360
16.4. Lenin―evil genius?=368
Further reading=370
Questions=370
17. The USSR and Stalin, 1924-53=372
Summary of events=372
17.1. How did Stalin get to supreme power?=372
17.2. How successful was Stalin in solving the USSR's economic problems?=375
17.3. Politics and the Purges=379
17.4. Everyday life and culture under Stalin=384
17.5. Stalin's final years, 1945-53=389
Further reading=394
Questions=395
18. Continuing communism, collapse and aftermath, 1953 to the present=396
Summary of events=396
18.1. The Khrushchev era, 1953-64=397
18.2. The USSR stagnates, 1964-86=400
18.3. Gorbachev and the end of communist rule=403
18.4. The aftermath of communism : Yeltsin, Putin and Medvedev=409
Further reading=418
Questions=419
19. China 1900-49=420
Summary of events=420
19.1. Revolution and the warlord era=420
19.2. The Kuomintang, Dr Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek=423
19.3. Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party=425
19.4. The communist victory, 1949=428
Further reading=429
Questions=430
20. China since 1949 : the communists in control=431
Summary of events=431
20.1. How successful was Mao in dealing with China's problems?=431
20.2. Life after Mao=436
20.3. Tiananmen Square, 1989 and the crisis of communism=439
20.4. The changing face of communism in China=441
Further reading=446
Questions=447
21. Communism in Korea and South East Asia=448
Summary of events=448
21.1. North Korea=449
21.2. Vietnam=454
21.3. Cambodia/Kampuchea=457
21.4. Laos=462
Further reading=464
Questions=465
PART IV. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
22. The USA before the Second World War=469
Summary of events=469
22.1. The American system of government=470
22.2. Into the melting pot : the era of immigration=474
22.3. The USA becomes economic leader of the world=477
22.4. Socialists, trade unions and the impact of war and the Russian revolutions=481
22.5. Racial discrimination and the Civil Rights Movement=486
22.6. The Great Depression arrives : October 1929=489
22.7. Roosevelt and the New Deal=493
Further reading=499
Questions=499
23. The USA since 1945=501
Summary of events=501
23.1. Poverty and social policies=502
23.2. Racial problems and the Civil Rights Movement=505
23.3. Anti-communism and Senator McCarthy=511
23.4. Nixon and Watergate=514
23.5. The Carter-Reagan-Bush era, 1977-93=515
23.6. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama=519
Further reading=525
Questions=526
PART V. DECOLONIZATION AND AFTER
24. The end of the European Empires=529
Summary of events=529
24.1. Why did the European powers giveup their Empires?=531
24.2. Indian independence and partition=534
24.3. The West Indies, Malaya and Cyprus=537
24.4. The British leave Africa=541
24.5. The end of the French Empire=549
24.6. Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and Italy=554
24.7. Verdict on decolonization=559
Further reading=562
Questions=562
25. Problems in Africa=563
Summary of events=563
25.1. Problems common to the African states=563
25.2. Democracy, dictatorship and military government in Ghana=565
25.3. Civil wars and corruption in Nigeria=567
25.4. Poverty in Tanzania=571
25.5. The Congo/Zaire=574
25.6. Angola : a Cold War tragedy=577
25.7. Genocide in Burundi and Rwanda=580
25.8. Apartheid and black majority rule in South Africa=583
25.9. Socialism and civil war in Ethiopia=591
25.10. Liberia―a unique experiment=593
25.11. Stability and chaos in Sierra Leone=595
25.12. Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe=597
25.13. Confusion and civil war in Somalia=602
25.14. The Sudan=604
25.15. Africa and its problems in the twenty-first century=605
Further reading=606
Questions=607
26. Latin America=608
Summary of events=608
26.1. The era of US domination=610
26.2. South America : Brazil and Venezuela=612
26.3. Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua=615
26.4. The challenge to US domination=622
Further reading=631
Questions=632
PART VI. GLOBAL PROBLEMS
27. The changing world economy since 1900=635
Summary of events=635
27.1. Changes in the world economy in the twentieth century=635
27.2. The Third World and the North-South divide=638
27.3. The split in the Third World economy=643
27.4. The world economy and its effects on the environment=644
27.5. Global warming=649
27.6. The world economy at the turn of the millennium=652
27.7. Capitalism in crisis=654
27.8. The world economies in 2012=661
Further reading=665
Questions=666
28. The world's population=667
Summary of events=667
28.1. The increasing world population since 1900=667
28.2. Consequences of the population explosion=670
28.3. Attempts at population control=671
28.4. The population increase and Islamism=675
28.5. The HIV/Aids epidemic=679
Further reading=682
Questions=682
Index=683
13.1. Italian iron and steel output (in million tons)=305
14.1. The collapse of the German mark, 1918-23=312
14.2. Nazi electoral success and the state of the economy, 1924-32=314
17.1. Industrial expansion in the USSR : production in millions of tons=376
17.2. Industrial production in the USSR compared with other great powers, 1940=377
17.3. Grain and livestock statistics in the USSR=379
22.1. US population and immigration, 1851-1950=476
22.2. The USA and its chief rivals, 1900=477
27.1. Gross National Product per head of the population in 1992=638
27.2. Gross National Product per head of the population in 1992 (in US dollars)=640
27.3. What commodities could buy in 1975 and 1980=641
28.1. Deaths within one year of birth, per thousand births=669
28.2. Use of contraceptives and the birth rate=673
28.3. Population growth rates and density=674
2.1. Trench cross-section=22
3.1. Great power membership of the League of Nations=47
6.1. Second World War dead=118
10.1. Statistics of GDP per head of the population (1977)=198
13.1. The fascist symbol=297
20.1. How the government of China works=432
22.1. How the federal government and the states divide powers in the USA=472
22.2. The three separate branches of the US federal government=474
27.1. Calorie intake per person per day=639
27.2. World oil production in billions of barrels per year=645
28.1. World population increases from ad 1 to 1995=668
28.2. Rate of population growth by regions=668
1.1. Europe in 1914=5
1.2. Peoples of the Habsburg Empire=6
1.3. The Balkans in 1913 showing changes from the Balkan Wars (1912-13)=10
2.1. The Schlieffen Plan=19
2.2. The western front=20
2.3. Europe at War=21
2.4. War on the Eastern, Balkan and Italian Fronts=23
2.5. European frontiers after the First World War and the Peace Treaties=36
2.6. Africa and the Peace Treaties=37
2.7. The treatment of Turkey (Treaty of Sèvres) and Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly)=40
5.1. Japanese expansion 1931-42=71
5.2. The position of Abyssinia and the territories of Britain, France and Italy=74
5.3. Hitler's gains before the Second World War=78
6.1. The beginning of the war in Europe―main German thrusts, 1939-40=92
6.2. North Africa and the Mediterranean=95
6.3. The Russian front=96
6.4. The war in the Pacific=98
6.5. The D-Day landings―6 June 1944=105
6.6. The defeat of Germany, 1944-5=108
6.7. The Holocaust=115
7.1. Europe after 1945=127
7.2. Central and eastern Europe during the Cold War=128
7.3. Berlin and the wall, 1961=135
7.4. The Cuban missiles crisis, 1972=138
8.1. The war in Korea=144
8.2. The wars in Vietnam=150
10.1. Economic unions in Europe, 1960=195
10.2. The growth of the European Community and Union=201
10.3. The Bosnian Peace Settlement=216
11.1. The Middle East and North Africa=226
11.2. Areas given to Britain and France as mandates at the end of the First World War=228
11.3. The situation after the 1967 war=235
11.4. The Israeli-Palestinian Agreement, 1995=239
11.5. The Lebanon=241
15.1. Regions and provinces of Spain=343
15.2. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-9=346
16.1. Russian losses by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk=361
16.2. Civil war and interventions in Russia, 1918-22=364
17.1. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after 1945, showing the 15 republics=391
19.1. China after the First World War=426
22.1. The USA between the wars=471
22.2. The Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933=497
24.1. India and Pakistan=536
24.2. Central America and the West Indies=538
24.3. Malaysia and Indonesia=540
24.4. Cyprus divided=541
24.5. Africa becomes independent=544
24.6. Indonesia and East Timor=558
26.1. Latin America=609
27.1. The dividing line between North and South, rich and poor=639
2.1. The three leaders at Versailles : (left to right) Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George=33
6.1. Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941 : US warships he in ruins after the Japanese air attack=97
6.2. D-Day, 6 June 1944 : US assault troops landing in Normandy=106
6.3. Bodies at the Belsen concentration camp=117
7.1. Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945=125
7.2. The Berlin Wall : an 18-year-old East Berliner lies dying after being shot during an escape attempt (left) ; he is carried away by East Berlin guards (right)=136
8.1. A Vietcong suspect is executed in Saigon by Police Chief Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 1968=152
12.1. New York, 11 September 2001 : a fiery blast rocks the south tower of the World Trade Center as the hijacked United Airlines flight 175 from Boston crashes into the building=258
12.2. The sculpted head of Saddam Hussein sits in the middle of the road in Baghdad, Iraq, 10 April 2003=274
14.1. Hyperinflation in Germany : boys making kites out of worthless banknotes in the early 1920s=313
14.2. Jewish people being taken to a concentration camp=321
14.3. Hitler and the Sturmabteilung (SA) at a Nuremberg Rally=328
17.1. Joseph Stalin=373
19.1. A street execution in China in 1927, towards the end of the Warlord Era 423
20.1. Tanks advance in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, June 1989 ; the man was pulled away by bystanders=441
22.1. The winner and the loser : Roosevelt waves to the cheering crowds, while defeated President Hoover looks downcast during their ride through Washington, March 1933=493
23.1. The assassination of Kennedy, 1963. Here the president slumps forward, seconds after having been shot=504
23.2. Dr Martin Luther King=507
25.1. Bodies litter the ground after the Sharpeville massacre, South Africa, 1960=586
28.1. Posters from India and Africa encouraging people to use birth control and limit families to three children=672