영문목차
Preface=ix
About the Author=xii
Chapter 1. Introduction to Marine Environmental Science and Oceanography=1
1.1. Geological Oceanography=1
Seafloor Spreading=1
Seafloor Regions=2
1.2. Oceanic and Coastal Regions=6
Sea Coast=6
Rocky Coasts=6
Reefs=8
Islands=9
The Ocean Water Column=11
1.3. Water Movements : Wave, Tides, Currents=12
Wind Waves=12
Tsunami=13
Tides=14
Circulation Patterns=15
1.4. Sea-Level Changes=19
Global Sea-Level Changes=19
Local Sea-Level Changes=23
1.5. Ocean Chemistry=23
Seawater, Salts, and Trace Elements=23
Dissolved Gases=24
Chemicals of Life=25
Study Guide=29
Topics for Review=29
Conservation Exercises=29
Further Reading=30
Box 1-1. Conservation Concern : Global Warming and the Ocean=20
Box 1-2. Conservation Controversy : Fertilizing the Ocean=27
Chapter 2. Marine Biology, Ecology, and Conservation=31
2.1. The Conservation Ethic and Biodiversity=31
2.2. Classification and Biology of Marine Organisms=35
Marine Microorganisms=35
Marine Fungi=38
Marine Plants=38
Marine Invertebrates=40
Marine Vertebrates=52
2.3. Marine Ecology Concepts=66
Population Ecology=66
Community and Ecosystem Ecology=68
Study Guide=72
Topics for Review=72
Conservation Exercises=73
Further Reading=73
Box 2-1. Conservation Brief : What's in a Name?=33
Chapter 3. Conservation of Intertidal and Coastal Ecosystems=75
3.1. Dune and Beach Ecosystems=76
The Dune Ecosystem=76
Dune Impacts=78
Dune Conservation=79
The Beach Ecosystem=81
Beach Impacts=87
Beach Pollution=93
Impacts of Recreational Use of Beaches=95
Beach Harvest Impacts=96
3.2. Intertidal Mudflats=99
3.3. The Rocky Intertidal Zone=101
The Rocky Intertidal Ecosystem=101
Human Impacts on the Rocky Intertidal Ecosystem=105
Rocky Intertidal Protection=112
3.4. Global Climate Change and Intertidal Ecosystems=112
Study Guide=114
Topics for Review=114
Conservation Exercises=114
Further Reading=115
Box 3-1. Conservation Success Stories : California and Netherland Dunes=82
Box 3-2. Conservation Focus : Who Owns the Beach?=88
Box 3-3. Learning from History : Torrey Canyon, Exxon Valdez, and Deepwater Horizon=108
Chapter 4. The Estuary and Marsh : Habitat Impacts and Environmental Protection=117
4.1. The Estuary=117
Estuary Types=117
Physical Characteristics=117
Biological Importance=118
Environmental Impacts=120
Fisheries Conservation=122
4.2. Salt Marsh Ecosystems=126
Salt Marsh Development=126
Salt Marsh Ecology=126
Salt Marsh Destruction=130
Impoundments=132
Pollution=133
Impacts of River Channelization=133
Salt Marsh Restoration Methods=134
4.3. Mangrove Ecosystems=136
Mangrove Distribution=136
Mangrove Reproduction and Growth=139
The Mangrove Ecosystem=140
Mangrove Community Diversity=140
Mangroves as a Buffer and Filter=144
Natural Impacts on Mangroves=144
Human Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems=145
Social Impacts of Mangrove Loss=149
Mangrove Protection Methods=150
Regional Mangrove Status=151
Mangrove Conservation Prognosis=152
4.4. Global Climate Change and Marsh Ecosystems=153
4.5. The Future of Estuary and Marsh Conservation=154
Study Guide=155
Topics for Review=155
Conservation Exercises=156
Further Reading=156
Box 4-1. Current Issue : Eels from the Estuary=123
Box 4-2. Learning from History : Oysters from Chesapeake Bay=127
Box 4-3. Research Brief : Geese and Snails, Top-Down Killers of the Marsh=131
Box 4-4. Conservation Focus : Belizean Reef Mangroves=138
Chapter 5. Tropical Coral Reefs : Environmental Impacts and Recovery=159
5.1. The Tropical Coral Reef=160
Biodiversity=160
Reef-Building Organisms=160
Conditions for Reef Growth=161
5.2. Reef Community Interactions=162
Primary Producers=163
Filter Feeders=163
Grazers=163
Predators=165
5.3. Environmental Impacts on Corals=166
Bleaching=166
El Niño=166
Climate Change and Coral Loss=170
Coral Diseases=171
Excessive Nutrients and Organic Matter=172
Sedimentation=173
Toxic Pollutants=173
Combined Impacts=174
5.4. Harvest Impacts=175
Sea Urchin Harvest=175
Organisms as Curios=175
Traditional Medicine=175
Bioprospecting on Reefs=177
Sponge Harvest=178
Conch Harvest=178
Lobster Harvest=179
Destructive Fishing Methods=179
Live Fish Markets=181
Ecosystem Impacts of Fish Harvest=183
5.5. Development and Tourism Impacts=183
Coastal Development=183
Boat Groundings=183
Development for Tourism=184
Snorkeling and Driving=185
5.6. Approaches to Coral Reef Conservation=185
Assessment and Monitoring=185
Education=186
Marine Protected Areas=186
Reef Restoration=187
Education and Community Action=190
5.7. Overview and Future of Coral Reef Conservation=190
Study Guide=191
Topics for Review=191
Conservation Exercises=192
Further Reading=192
Box 5-1. Current Issue : Attack of the Lionfish=167
Box 5-2. Research Brief : Historical Ecology of Reefs=176
Box 5-3. Research Brief : Contrasting Fish Communities on Hawaiian Reefs=188
Chapter 6. Nearshore Ecosystems : Community Ecology and Habitat Protection=195
6.1. Soft Bottom Ecosystems=195
Anthropogenic Impacts on Soft-Bottom Ecosystems=196
Coastal Hypoxia and Dead Zones=197
6.2. Seagrass Ecosystems=199
Sea grasses=199
Seagrass Growth and Reproduction=200
The Seagrass Community=201
Seagrass Interactions with Other Ecosystems=203
Human Benefits=204
Anthropogenic Impacts on Sea grasses=204
Seagrass Protection and Recovery=208
Seagrass Restoration=210
6.3. Rocky Bottom Ecosystems=210
6.4. Kelp Ecosystems=214
Kelps=214
Kelp Communities=216
Impacts to the Kelp Ecosystem=217
Kelp Protection and Recovery=218
6.5. Climate Change and Nearshore Ecosystems=221
Study Guide=222
Topics for Review=222
Conservation Exercises=222
Further Reading=222
Box 6-1. Conservation Efforts : The Wadden Sea and Chincoteague Bay=207
Box 6-2. Conservation Controversy : Artificial Reefs=212
Box 6-3. Learning from History : Phase Shifts in Kelp Ecosystems=219
Chapter 7. The Open Ocean : Anthropogenic Inputs and Environmental Impacts=225
7.1. The Photic Zone=225
Oceanic Epipelagic Ecosystems=226
7.2. Open Ocean Pollution=234
Metals=234
Persistent Organic Pollutants=238
Harmful Plankton Blooms=241
Plastics in the Open Ocean=248
7.3. Climate Change and the Ocean Pelagic=249
Study Guide=252
Topics for Review=252
Conservation Exercises=252
Further Reading=253
Box 7-1. Conservation Success Story : Protecting the Creatures of the Sargassum=231
Box 7-2. Learning from History : Mercury Scares and Seafood Consumption=236
Box 7-3. Consume with Caution : Ciguatera Poisoning=244
Box 7-4. Conservation Controversy : Are Red Tides Natural or Man Made?=246
Chapter 8. Seafloor and Deep-Sea Ecosystems : Resource Harvest and Habitat Protection=255
8.1. Continental Shelf and Slope Ecosystems=255
8.2. Seamount Ecosystems=256
8.3. Deep-Sea Ecosystems=259
The Mesopelagic Zone=259
The Deep-Sea Pelagic=261
The Deep Seafloor=261
Vent and Seep Ecosystems=263
8.4. Impacts of Deep Sea-Fisheries=267
Fish Harvest=267
Crab Harvest=269
Bottom Trawling=270
8.5. Habitat Impacts on the Deep Seafloor=273
Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling=273
Impacts of Surface Fisheries on Deep-Sea Ecosystems=275
Seafloor Mining=276
Ocean Pollution and Dumping=279
Climate Change and the Deep Sea=283
8.6. Deep-Sea Conservation Measures=284
Study Guide=285
Topics for Review=285
Conservation Exercises=286
Further Reading=286
Box 8-1. Conservation Concern : Deep-Water Coral Reefs=271
Chapter 9. Marine Endangered Species : Conservation, Protection, and Recovery=289
9.1. Legal Protection=289
National Endangered Species Legislation=290
International Agreements=292
9.2. Endangered Species Case Histories=293
Marine Invertebrates=293
Seabirds=294
Penguins=296
Sea Turtles=299
Endangered Fishes=303
Sirenians : Sea Cows and Manatees=305
Pinnipeds=306
9.3. Future Prospects for Endangered Species Conservation=319
Study Guide=320
Topics for Review=320
Conservation Exercises=320
Further Reading=321
Box 9-1. Assessing Impacts on Endangered Species : Counting Fishery Bycatch=297
Box 9-2. Turtles, Trawls, and TEDs=301
Box 9-3. Learning from History : Northern Fur Seals=308
Box 9-4. Animal Welfare, Hunter Rights, and Conservation : Clashes Over the Harp Seal=315
Chapter 10. Conservation of Cetaceans=323
10.1. Legal Protections of Cetaceans=323
10.2. Cetacean Harvest=325
Historic Use of Whales=325
The Great Whales and Commercial Whaling=326
Whale Recovery=332
Takings of Dolphins and Porpoises=334
10.3. Unintended Anthropogenic Harm to Cetaceans=335
Pollution=335
Climate Change=338
Ship Collisions=339
10.4. Captive Cetaceans and Animal Rights=342
10.5. Cetacean Conservation Solutions=343
Study Guide=345
Topics for Review=345
Conservation Exercises=346
Further Reading=346
Box 10-1. Whaling : The Ongoing Debate=329
Box 10-2. Are the Great Whales Important Prey for Killer Whales?=334
Box 10-3. Noise Pollution and the Mysteries of Cetacean Strandings=336
Box 10-4. Right Whales in the Wrong Place=340
Box 10-5. Freeing Willy=344
Chapter 11. Marine Fisheries : Overharvest and Conservation=349
11.1. Fisheries Characterization=349
11.2. Fisheries Harvest Methods=353
Dredging=354
Spears and Harpoons=354
Hook-and-Line Gears=355
Traps and Weirs=358
Net Fishing=359
11.3. Marine Fisheries Overharvest=365
11.4. Managing Fisheries for Sustainability=370
Harvest Quotas=370
Ecosystem-Based Management=372
Aquaculture as a Solution to Overharvest=373
11.5. Conservation of Fishery Populations=375
Coastal Pelagic Fisheries=376
Groundfish Fisheries=381
Highly Migratory Predators=386
Shark Harvest and Conservation=391
11.6. Climate Change and Fisheries=394
Study Guide=395
Topics for Review=395
Conservation Exercises=395
Further Reading=396
Box 11-1. Fishing Down the Food Web=368
Box 11-2. Unpredictability in Pelagic Ecosystems=369
Box 11-3. Learning from History : Boom and Bust of Atlantic Cod Fisheries=381
Box 11-4. Conservation Controversy : The World's Most Valued Fish=387
Chapter 12. Ocean Conservation Laws, Agreements, and Organizations=399
12.1. Tragedy of the Commons and Marine Resources=399
12.2. Marine Conservation Laws and Agreements=401
Marine Species Protections=402
Ocean Commons : International Agreements=403
Coastal Ocean Commons Laws : Case Studies=407
Global Environmental Agreements=419
12.3. Marine Environmental and Conservation Organizations=421
Government Organizations=421
International Organizations=422
Non-Governmental Organizations=425
12.4. The Future of the Ocean Commons=426
Study Guide=428
Conservation Exercises=428
Further Reading=428
Box 12-1. Case History : Establishing U.S. Marine Fisheries Management Principles=409
Box 12-2. Case Study : Conflicts Between Trade Laws and Conservation=420
Box 12-3. Conservation Concern : What Seafood Should I Eat?=427
Index=431
Credits=448