영문목차
Notes on Contributors=xiii
List of Contributors=xix
Series Preface=xxi
Acknowledgments=xxiii
1. Introduction and Overview / Peter P. Belobaba=1
1.1. Introduction : The Global Airline Industry=1
1.1.1. Deregulation and Liberalization Worldwide=4
1.1.2. Industry Evolution Since 2000=6
1.2. Overview of Chapters=13
References=17
2. The International Institutional and Regulatory Environment / Amedeo R. Odoni=19
2.1. Introduction=19
2.2. Background on the International Regulatory Environment=20
2.2.1. The Chicago Convention=20
2.2.2. Freedoms of the Air=21
2.3. Airline Privatization and International Economic Regulation=24
2.3.1. Airline Privatization=24
2.3.2. Types and Critical Aspects of Air Service Agreements=25
2.3.3. Typical Content of Bilateral and Multilateral ASAs=26
2.3.4. The Unified EU Market and Other Major Developments=29
2.3.5. The Role of Airline Alliances=32
2.4. Airports=33
2.4.1. Restrictions on Airport Access=33
2.4.2. Airport Ownership and Management=36
2.5. Air Traffic Management=39
2.6. Key Organizations and Their Roles=41
2.6.1. International Organizations=41
2.6.2. Organizations in the United States=43
2.7. Summary and Conclusions=45
References=46
3. Overview of Airline Economics, Markets and Demand / Peter P. Belobaba=47
3.1. Airline Terminology and Definitions=47
3.1.1. Basic Airline Profit Equation=49
3.2. Air Transportation Markets=51
3.2.1. Typical Air Passenger Trip=51
3.2.2. Spatial Definitions of Airline Markets=52
3.3. Origin-Destination Market Demand=55
3.3.1. Dichotomy of Airline Demand and Supply=55
3.3.2. Factors Affecting Volume of O-D Demand=57
3.3.3. Quality of Service Factors=57
3.3.4. Total Trip Time and Frequency=58
3.4. Air Travel Demand Models=60
3.4.1. Elasticity of Air Travel Demand=60
3.4.2. Air Travel Demand Segments=62
3.4.3. O-D Market Demand Functions=64
3.5. Airline Competition and Market Share=67
3.5.1. Market Share/Frequency Share Model=67
3.5.2. "S-Curve" Model Formulation=69
3.5.3. Quality of Service Index(QSI) Models=70
3.6. Summary=71
References=72
4. Airline Pricing Theory and Practice / Peter P. Belobaba=75
4.1. Airline Prices and O-D Markets=75
4.1.1. Regulated versus Liberalized Pricing=76
4.1.2. Theoretical Pricing Strategies=77
4.1.3. Price Discrimination versus Product Differentiation=79
4.2. Differential Pricing=79
4.2.1. Market Segmentation=81
4.2.2. Fare Product Restrictions=82
4.2.3. Airline Fare Structures=83
4.3. Recent Trends in Airline Pricing=89
4.3.1. Branded Fare Families=90
4.3.2. Unbundling and Ancillary Revenues=91
4.4. Airline Pricing Strategies=93
4.4.1. Factors Affecting Fare Structure in an O-D Market=93
4.4.2. Competitive Fare Matching=96
References=98
5. Airline Revenue Management / Peter P. Belobaba=99
5.1. Computerized Revenue Management Systems=101
5.2. Flight Overbooking=103
5.3. EMSR Model for Flight Leg Revenue Optimization=108
5.4. Network Revenue Management=112
5.4.1. O-D Control Mechanisms=113
5.4.2. Network RM Optimization Models=118
5.4.3. Revenue Benefits of O-D Control=120
5.5. Revenue Management for Less Restricted Fare Structures=121
5.5.1. Demand Forecasting by Willingness to Pay=122
5.5.2. Marginal Revenue Optimization : Fare Adjustment Theory=123
References=125
6. Airline Operating Costs and Measures of Productivity / Peter P. Belobaba=127
6.1. Airline Cost Categorization=127
6.1.1. Administrative versus Functional Cost Categories=128
6.1.2. Cost Drivers by Functional Category=132
6.2. Operating Expense Comparisons=133
6.2.1. Percentage Breakdown of Operating Expenses=133
6.2.2. Aircraft Operating Cost Comparisons=134
6.2.3. Low-Cost Carriers=140
6.3. Comparisons of Airline Unit Costs=145
6.3.1. Total Operating Costs versus Unit Costs=145
6.3.2. Legacy versus Low-Cost Carrier Unit Costs=148
6.4. Measures of Airline Productivity=153
6.4.1. Aircraft Productivity=153
6.4.2. Labor Productivity=156
References=158
7. The Airline Planning Process / Peter P. Belobaba=159
7.1. Fleet Planning=160
7.1.1. Airline Fleet Decisions=161
7.1.2. Fleet Planning Methods=166
7.2. Route Planning=170
7.2.1. Hub Economics and Network Structure=170
7.2.2. Route Planning and Evaluation=175
7.3. Airline Schedule Development=180
7.3.1. Frequency Planning=181
7.3.2. Timetable Development=182
7.3.3. Fleet Assignment and Aircraft Rotations=185
7.4. The Future : Integrated Airline Planning=186
References=187
8. Airline Schedule Optimization / Cynthia Barnhart ; Vikrant Vaze=189
8.1. Schedule Optimization Problems=190
8.2. Fleet Assignment=191
8.2.1. The Fleet Assignment Model=195
8.2.2. Fleet Assignment Solutions/Impacts=198
8.2.3. Extending Basic Fleet Assignment Models=198
8.3. Schedule Design Optimization=203
8.3.1. Modeling the Optimization of Flight Retiming and Fleet Assignment Problems=206
8.3.2. Importance of Modeling Competition in Schedule Design=207
8.4. Crew Scheduling=209
8.4.1. The Crew Pairing Problem=210
8.4.2. Crew Scheduling Problem Solutions and Impacts=215
8.5. Aircraft Maintenance Routing and Crew Pairing Optimization=215
8.5.1. Modeling and Solving the Extended Crew Pairing Problem=217
8.5.2. Modeling and Solving the Restricted Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem Based on the Solution to the Extended Crew Pairing Problem=218
8.6. Future Directions for Schedule Optimization=219
References=221
9. Airline Flight Operations / Alan H. Midkiff ; R. John Hansman Jr., ; Tom G. Reynolds=223
9.1. Introduction=223
9.2. Regulation and Scheduling=224
9.2.1. General Regulatory Requirements=224
9.2.2. Flight Crew Regulation and Training=224
9.2.3. Flight Crew Scheduling=226
9.3. Flight Crew Activities during a Typical Flight=227
9.3.1. Flight Crew Sign-In=228
9.3.2. Operations/Planning=228
9.3.3. Preflight=233
9.3.4. Predeparture=240
9.3.5. Gate Departure=242
9.3.6. Taxi-Out=243
9.3.7. Takeoff=244
9.3.8. Terminal Area Departure=245
9.3.9. Climb=246
9.3.10. Cruise=247
9.3.11. Descent=250
9.3.12. Terminal Area Arrival=253
9.3.13. Final Approach=254
9.3.14. Landing and Rollout=256
9.3.15. Taxi-In=257
9.3.16. Parking=258
9.3.17. Postflight=259
9.4. Summary=259
List of Abbreviations=260
References=262
10. Irregular Operations : Schedule Recovery and Robustness / Cynthia Barnhart ; Vikrant Vaze=263
10.1. Introduction=263
10.2. Irregular Operations=264
10.2.1. Managing Irregular Operations : Airline Operations Control Centers=266
10.2.2. Options for Schedule Recovery from Irregular Operations=267
10.2.3. Schedule Recovery from Irregular Operations : Objectives and Process=269
10.2.4. Evaluating the Costs of Recovery Options : The Challenges Imparted by Uncertainty and Downstream Effects=278
10.3. Robust Airline Scheduling=279
10.3.1. Robust Schedule Design=280
10.3.2. Robust Fleet Assignment=281
10.3.3. Robust Aircraft Routing=281
10.3.4. Robust Crew Scheduling=283
10.4. Directions for Ongoing and Future Work on Schedule Recovery from Irregular Operations=284
References=285
11. Labor Relations and Human Resource Management in the Airline Industry / Jody Hoffer Gittell ; Andrew von Nordenflycht ; Thomas A. Kochan ; Greg J. Bamber ; Robert B. McKersie=287
11.1. Alternative Strategies for the Employment Relationship=288
11.2. Labor Relations in the US Airline Industry=289
11.2.1. Regulatory Framework for US Labor Relations=291
11.2.2. US Airline Responses to Cost Pressures Postderegulation=293
11.2.3. US Labor Relations Post-September 11, 2001=299
11.3. Labor Relations in the Airline Industry in Other Countries=302
11.3.1. The International Regulatory Framework for Labor Relations=302
11.3.2. Summary of Airline Labor Relations Strategies : What Works?=310
11.4. Human Resource Management at Airlines=312
11.4.1. Hiring and Training for Relational Competence=316
11.4.2. Flexible Boundaries between Jobs=316
11.4.3. Supervisory Coaching and Feedback=317
11.4.4. Performance Measurement at the Process Level=318
11.4.5. Conflict Resolution=318
11.4.6. Boundary Spanning Roles=319
11.4.7. Partnering with Other Key Players=320
11.4.8. Leadership=321
11.5. Conclusions=322
References=323
12. Aviation Safety and Security / Arnold I. Barnett=327
12.1. Safety=328
12.1.1. Safety Is No Accident=328
12.1.2. Measuring Air Safety : Some Hazards=329
12.1.3. The Q-Statistic=331
12.1.4. Some Calculated Q-Values=332
12.1.5. Other Approaches to Safety Measurement=333
12.1.6. Are Some Airlines Safer Than Others?=334
12.1.7. The Last Century=335
12.1.8. A Collision Risk Assessment=337
12.1.9. Midair Collision Risk=340
12.2. Security=341
12.2.1. September 11 in Context=341
12.2.2. Some Costs of Aviation Security=342
12.2.3. Some Security Procedures=343
12.2.4. Is It Worth It?=349
12.2.5. Two Economic Paradigms=349
12.2.6. A European Dilemma=351
12.2.7. More Security Dilemmas=353
12.2.8. Final Remarks=358
References=359
13. Airports / Amedeo R. Odoni=361
13.1. Introduction=361
13.2. General Background=363
13.3. Physical Characteristics=366
13.3.1. Airside Design Standards=366
13.3.2. Geometric Configuration on Airside=369
13.3.3. Typology of Passenger Buildings=372
13.3.4. Assessing Passenger Building Concepts=374
13.3.5. Ground Access=376
13.4. Capacity, Delays, and Demand Management=377
13.4.1. Airside Capacity=377
13.4.2. Airside Delays and Their Mitigation=379
13.4.3. Landside Capacity and Level of Service=381
13.5. Institutional, Organizational, and Economic Characteristics=384
13.5.1. Airport Ownership and Management=384
13.5.2. Airport User Charges=385
13.5.3. Economic Regulation=389
13.5.4. Financing Capital Projects=391
References=392
14. Air Traffic Control / R. John Hansman Jr. ; Amedeo Odoni=395
14.1. Introduction=395
14.2. The Generic Elements of an ATC System=396
14.2.1. Communications Systems=397
14.2.2. Navigation Systems=397
14.2.3. Surveillance Systems=402
14.2.4. Flight and Weather Information Systems=404
14.3. Airspace and ATC Structure=405
14.4. ATC Operations=408
14.5. Standard Operating Procedures=410
14.6. Capacity Constraints=411
14.7. Congestion and Air Traffic Flow Management=417
14.8. Future ATC Systems=420
References=420
15. Air Transport and the Environment / Karen Marais ; Philip J. Wolfe ; Ian A. Waitz=423
15.1. Introduction=423
15.2. Limiting Aviation's Environmental Impact : The Role of Regulatory Bodies=425
15.3. Airport Water Quality Control=426
15.3.1. Effects of Deicing Fluids=428
15.3.2. Managing Airport Water Quality=429
15.4. Noise=430
15.4.1. Effects=432
15.4.2. Noise Measurement=433
15.4.3. Noise Trends=435
15.4.4. Noise Controls=436
15.4.5. Emerging Issues=438
15.5. Air Quality=439
15.5.1. Effects=442
15.5.2. Emissions Measurement=443
15.5.3. Emissions Trends=443
15.5.4. Emissions Control=447
15.5.5. Emerging Issues=448
15.6. Impact of Aviation on Climate=449
15.6.1. Effects=449
15.6.2. Measurement=451
15.6.3. Greenhouse Emissions Control=452
15.7. Alternative Fuels=453
15.8. Summary and Looking Forward=455
References=456
16. Information Technology in Airline Operations, Distribution and Passenger Processing / Peter P. Belobaba ; Cynthia Barnhart ; William S. Swelbar=461
16.1. Information Technology in Airline Planning and Operations=461
16.2. Airline Distribution Systems=464
16.2.1. Evolution of Computer Reservations Systems=464
16.2.2. Alternative Airline Distribution Channels=469
16.3. Distribution Costs and e-Commerce Developments=475
16.3.1. Internet Distribution Channels=477
16.3.2. Electronic Ticketing=481
16.3.3. Implications for Airlines and Consumers=481
16.4. Innovations in Passenger Processing=482
References=485
17. Critical Issues and Prospects for the Global Airline Industry / Peter P. Belobaba ; William S. Swelbar ; Amedeo R. Odoni=487
17.1. Evolution of US and Global Airline Markets=488
17.1.1. Evolution of US Airline Markets=488
17.1.2. Recent Developments in Global Airline Markets=491
17.2. Looking Ahead : Critical Challenges for the Global Airline Industry=494
17.2.1. Strategies for Sustained Profitability=495
17.2.2. Infrastructure and the Environment=498
References=500
Index=501