영문목차
Foreword=xvii
Acknowledgments=xxi
THEMATIC SECTION 1. MITIGATION FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER 1. Introduction=5
Emergency Management Cycle and Mitigation=5
Preparedness=7
Response=11
Recovery=13
Mitigation=14
Understanding Hazards and Disasters=18
History and Evolution of Hazard Mitigation=18
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Process and the Hazard Mitigation Plan=24
Organize Resources=24
Risk Assessment=26
Developing the Mitigation Plan=27
Implement the Plan and Monitor the Progress=29
The Benefits of Mitigation Planning=30
Conclusion=31
Discussion Questions=34
Websites=34
References=35
CHAPTER 2. Mitigation Rules and Regulations=37
Disaster Legislation 101=37
History of the Stafford Act=38
Disaster Mitigation Act (2000)=41
Requirements and Procedures for State, Local, and Tribal Mitigation Plans=42
Requirements and Procedures for State Mitigation Plans=43
Requirements and Procedures for Local Mitigation Plans=44
Requirements and Procedures for Tribal Mitigation Plans=48
Other Important Rules and Regulations Affecting Hazard Mitigation=49
Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA)=49
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)=50
Clean Water Act (CWA)=51
Section 404=52
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)=53
Categorical Exclusion (CE)=54
Environmental Assessment (EA) and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI)=54
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)=54
National Flood Insurance Act=55
Rules and Regulations in Other Countries=56
Japan=56
United Kingdom=57
Australia=60
New Zealand=61
India=63
Conclusion=63
Discussion Questions=65
Websites=66
References=67
CHAPTER 3. The Role of Governments in Hazard Mitigation=69
Introduction=69
Federal Mitigation Programs in the United States=70
Hazard Mitigation Assistance Program=70
HMGP=71
PDM Grant Program=72
FMA Program=74
NFIP=74
Flood Mapping and Flood Insurance Study (FIS)=76
CRS=77
CRS Classification=77
NHP=80
NEHRP=81
Structural Mitigation Projects by USACE=82
Role of State and Local Governments in Hazard Mitigation=83
Local Government Structure=85
Counties=85
Municipalities=86
Towns and Townships=87
Councils of Governments (COGs)=87
Special Districts=87
Notable Mitigation Efforts on the International Front=88
DRR and the International Strategy=88
Challenges in DRR Strategy=90
Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System in Japan=92
Flood Control in the Netherlands―The Delta Works=92
Advantages of the Delta Works=94
Climate Change Adaptation in the United Kingdom=96
Conclusion=96
Discussion Questions=97
Websites=98
References=98
CHAPTER 4. Mitigation in the Private Sector=101
Introduction=101
What is the Private Sector?=102
PPPs=103
Examples of PPPs=106
Citizen Corps=106
ChicagoFIRST=106
Ready Campaign=107
Sustainability and Community Resilience=107
The Concept of Sustainability=107
Community Resilience=109
Sustainable Livelihood=111
Whole Community Approach=113
Importance of Business Continuity and Developing a Business Continuity Plan (BCP)=114
Business Continuity Planning=115
BIA=116
Recovery Strategies=119
Plan Development=120
Testing and Exercises=120
Conclusion=121
Discussion Questions=122
Websites and Resources=122
References=123
THEMATIC SECTION 2. ASSESSING RISK―KNOW THY ENEMY!
CHAPTER 5. Hazard Identification―Natural Hazards=129
Introduction=129
Atmospheric Hazards=130
Tropical Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons=130
Tropical Cyclone Formation=132
Naming of Tropical Cyclones=134
Hurricane Watches and Warnings=134
Tornadoes=136
Tornado Formation=137
F and EF Scale=138
Tornado Watches and Warnings=140
Thunderstorms, Lightning, and Hailstorms=140
Heat=142
Avalanches=143
Severe Winter Weather=144
Snowstorm=144
Blizzard=146
Freezing Rain and Sleet=146
Extreme Cold and Wind Chill=146
Hydrologic Hazards=149
Floods=149
Drought=151
Coastal Erosion=152
Geologic Hazards=153
Earthquake=153
The Richter Scale=156
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale=156
Ring of Fire=157
Landslide=158
Subsidence=161
Sinkholes=161
Other Hazards=161
Tsunami=161
Wildfire=162
Keetch-Byram Drought Index=163
Conclusion=165
Discussion Questions=165
Websites=166
References=166
CHAPTER 6. Hazard Identification―Manmade Hazards=171
Introduction to Technological Hazards=172
DOT Classes of Hazardous Materials=173
Hazardous Materials Incident―Spills, Accidents, and Mishaps=175
Civil Unrest=177
Specific Examples of Civil Unrest=177
Terrorism=178
International Terrorism=181
Al-Qaeda=181
Hezbollah=183
FARC=183
Domestic Terrorism=184
Right-Wing Extremists=184
Left-Wing Extremists=185
Special Interests=185
Domestic Terrorism―Some Examples=186
CBRNE and WMD=187
The WMD Quagmire=188
Reasons Why Terrorists Might Use CBRNE=189
Cost=189
Availability=190
Effectiveness=190
Difficult to Detect=190
Examples of the Use of CBRNE by Terrorists=190
Chemical Agents=191
Characteristics of Chemical Hazards=192
TICs=193
CWAs=194
Nerve Agents=194
Blister Agents=196
Blood Agents=197
Choking Agents=197
Chemical Agents Used as Weapons=198
Some Examples of the Potential of Chemical Hazards=199
Biological Agents=200
Characteristics of Biological Agents=201
Categories of Biological Agents=202
Anthrax=203
Plague=203
Tularemia=204
Smallpox=205
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers=206
Botulinum Toxin=206
Ricin=206
Biological Agent Attack Indicators and Dissemination Methods=207
Dissemination of Biological Agents=208
Modern-Day Example of Bioterrorism=208
Radiological and Nuclear Threats=209
Signs and Symptoms of Radiation Exposure=211
RDD=212
Examples Where Radiological Hazards Occurred=212
Nuclear Weapons=214
High-Yield Explosives=215
Categories of High Explosives=215
Improvised Explosives=216
Potassium Chlorate=216
Peroxide-Based Improvised Explosives=216
Powdered Ammonium Nitrate and Aluminum Powder=217
Urea Nitrate=217
Hypergolic Devices=217
Examples of Incidents Involving Explosives=218
Cyberterrorism=219
Conclusion=220
Discussion Questions=222
Websites=222
References=223
CHAPTER 7. Vulnerability Assessment and Impact Analysis=227
Introduction=228
Community Setting=228
Hazard Analysis=229
Vulnerability Assessment for Natural Hazards=232
Estimate or Count the Total Number of Buildings, Value of Buildings, and Number of People in Your Community=233
Estimate the Total Number of Buildings, Total Value of Buildings, and the Number of People in Each of Your Hazard Zones=233
Calculate the Proportion of Assets Located in Hazard Areas=234
Determine the Location of Expected Growth in Your Community=234
Impact Analysis=236
Determine the Extent of Damages=236
Calculate the Loss from Each Hazard Event=238
Addressing Repetitive Loss Properties and Development Trends=239
Technological Hazard Assessment=239
Critical Infrastructure=241
Agriculture and Food=241
Water=241
Healthcare and Public Health=242
Emergency Services=243
Defense Industrial Base=243
Communications=243
Energy=243
Transportation=244
Banking and Finance=244
Chemical Industry=244
Postal and Shipping=244
Key Asset Categories=245
National Monuments and Icons=245
Nuclear Power Plants=245
Dams=245
Government Facilities=246
Commercial Key Assets=246
Terrorism and Technological Hazards=246
Vulnerability of Targets=247
Using an Assessment Process for Critical Infrastructure=248
Conclusions=251
Discussion Questions=253
Websites=253
References=254
CHAPTER 8. Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment=255
The 5 Ws of THIRA=255
What Is THIRA?=256
Who Must Complete the Process?=257
Where Is THIRA Used at the Regional and National Level?=257
When Is It Applied and Completed?=258
Why Do We Do It?=258
THIRA by the Numbers=258
Step 1=258
Step 2=259
Step 3=259
Desired Outcomes=263
Step 4=263
Capability Estimation=265
Conclusions=267
Discussion Questions=268
Websites=268
References=269
THEMATIC SECTION 3. MITIGATION STRATEGIES, TOOLS, AND TECHNIQUES―WHAT CAN BE DONE?
CHAPTER 9. Mitigation Strategies for Natural Hazards=275
Introduction=276
Structural Projects=277
Flood Control Structures=277
Dams and Reservoirs=277
Levees, Dikes, and Floodwalls=281
Shoreline Protection Structures=283
Seawalls, Bulkheads, and Revetments=283
Revetments=284
Sediment-Trapping Structures=285
Groins=285
Jetties=286
Mitigation Measures Related to Prevention=286
Zoning Ordinances=286
Overlay Zones=287
Disadvantages of Zoning=288
Subdivision Regulations=289
Setback Regulations=289
Capital Improvement Programs=290
Eminent Domain=290
Building Codes=292
Property Protection Measures=294
Structural Retrofit=294
Floodproofing=294
Windproofing=294
Seismic Retrofitting=295
Storm Safe Rooms=295
Property Acquisition=296
Easement=297
Purchase and Transfer of Development Rights=298
Relocation=298
Natural Resource Protection=299
Wetland Restoration and Preservation=299
Erosion Control=299
Public Education and Awareness=301
Community Outreach Projects=301
Real Estate Disclosures=302
Emergency Services=303
Warning Systems=303
Emergency Response Services=304
Protection and Resilience of Critical Infrastructure=304
Advantages and Disadvantages of Structural and Nonstructural Mitigation Measures=305
Incorporating Mitigation Strategies into Hazard Mitigation Plans=307
Formulating Goals and Objectives=307
Identify and Analyze Mitigation Actions=308
Prioritize Mitigation Actions=308
Simple Listing=308
Implementation=309
Conclusion=310
Discussion Questions=311
Websites=312
References=313
CHAPTER 10. Mitigation Strategies for Manmade Hazards=315
Introduction=316
The Model City=317
Structural Mitigation Strategies for Manmade Hazards=319
A Systems Thinking Approach=320
Nonstructural Mitigation Strategies=322
Examples of the Legislate to Mitigate Strategy=323
Mitigating Chemical Hazards=324
Mitigating Biological Hazards=327
Mitigating Radiological Hazards=334
Mitigating Acts of Terrorism=335
Incorporating Technological Hazards into the HMP=337
Possible Mitigation Plan Activities=340
Conclusion=342
Discussion Questions=343
Websites=343
References=344
CHAPTER 11. Mitigation Tools=345
Introduction=346
Hazard Mitigation Tools and Map Products=347
FEMA Flood Map Modernization (Map Mod) Program=347
Risk MAP Program=347
Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) Tool=348
CAMEO=349
ALOHA and Threat Zone Plot on MARPLOT=350
NOAA's Digital Coast=351
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program=352
Hazus-MH=352
Hazus-MH Tutorials=355
Flood Model=355
Hurricane Model=367
Earthquake Model=371
Conclusion=375
Discussion Questions=376
Hazus-MH Exercise=376
Websites and Resources=376
References=377
CHAPTER 12. Mitigation Best Practices and Resources=379
Introduction=380
Mitigation Best Practices in the United States=380
Best Practices from Hurricane Ike=380
Building Codes=380
FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and Buyout=382
Surfside Beach, Texas=382
Business Continuity Best Practices=383
Kroger, Galveston, Texas=383
Galveston County Daily News, Galveston, Texas=384
Cedar Rapids River Corridor Redevelopment Plan, Iowa=384
Shelter Etowah Program, Etowah County, Alabama=385
Putting Mitigation Best Practices into a Plan=387
Large Jurisdictions=388
Lee County, Florida=388
Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, North Carolina=388
Medium Jurisdictions=389
Roseville, California=389
Berkeley, California=390
Small Jurisdictions=390
Bourne, Massachusetts=390
Morgan County, Utah=392
Mitigation Best Practices in Other Countries=393
Maldives=393
Safe Island Programme (SIP)=393
Canada=396
CCAP=396
The Philippines=397
Seismic Retrofit Program for Public Schools in the Metro Manila Region=397
Japan=398
Private Sector Initiative for Safe Use and Restoration of Natural Gas in Tokyo=398
Australia=400
Protecting Animals in Disasters=400
Bangladesh=401
MCSP=401
Conclusion=403
Available Resources=403
Mitigation Best Practices Resources=403
Disaster Databases=404
Hazard Databases=405
Tropical Cyclones/Hurricanes=405
Earthquakes=405
Tornadoes and Severe Weather=405
Tsunamis=406
Shoreline/Coastal Resources=406
Other Resources=406
HMPs=406
State HMPs=406
County HMPs=408
Local/City HMPs=408
Tribal HMPs=409
Regional HMPs=409
Discussion Questions=409
References=410
Epilogue=413
Glossary of Essential Terminology=415
Index=425