영문목차
Preface to the First Edition=v
Preface=vii
Summary Contents=ix
Authors and Editors=xxxv
Table of Cases=xli
Part A. Patent Enforcement in International Agreements
1. Comparative Overview and the TRIPS Enforcement Provisions / Christopher Heath ; Thomas F Cotter=3
A. Introduction=3
B. Enforcement and International Law=6
I. General=6
II. Difficulty of Uniform Rules=7
III. History of TRIPS and Enforcement=8
C. TRIPS―General Principles of Enforcement : Articles 41 and 42=9
I. Procedures in General=9
II. Principles Laid Down in Article 41=10
1. Article 41(1)=10
2. Article 41(2)=12
3. Article 41(3)=14
4. Article 41(4)=14
III. Article 42=15
D. Rules for Obtaining Evidence : Articles 43 and 50(1)(b)=15
I. TRIPS Provisions Articles 43 and 50(1)(b)=15
II. Further Interim Measures=17
1. The UK=17
2. The German Auskunftsanspruch=18
3. Obtaining Evidence in Japan=18
E. Interim Injunctions : Article 50=19
I. Provisional Measures to Prevent Infringement, Article 50 of TRIPS=19
II. The Balance of Probability=21
III. Practice in Selected Countries=22
1. US=22
2. UK=22
3. Germany=22
4. France=23
5. The Netherlands=23
6. Japan=23
7. In General=24
F. The Main Action=24
G. European Issues=27
I. Personalities=27
II. Institutions=28
III. Existing Legal Framework=30
H. Final Measures : Articles 44-48=31
I. Injunctive Relief, Article 44=31
II. Damages, Articles 45, 48=33
1. The US=34
2. Japan=36
3. Germany=37
4. The UK=41
5. France=43
6. Other Countries=45
7. Attorneys' Fees, Article 48=45
III. The Right of Information/Auskunftsanspruch, Article 47=46
IV. Other Remedies, Article 46=47
I. Administrative Measures, Articles 49, 51-60=47
I. TRIPS, Article 49=47
II. Border Measures, Articles 51-60=48
J. Criminal Measures, Article 61=52
K. List of Literature=53
Part B. Patent Enforcement in Europe
2. The European Union : Jurisdiction, Cross-border-Cases, Enforcement Directive and Unified Patent Court / Tilman Müller-Stoy ; Jörg Wahl=57
A. Introduction=57
B. Jurisdiction=58
I. Introduction=58
II. Jurisdiction Based on Domicile (actor sequitur forum rei)=58
III. Jurisdiction Based on the Place of Infringement (forum delicti commissi)=60
IV. Jurisdiction Based on Connected Claims/Plurality of Defendants=61
V. The So-called 'Torpedo' Action=63
C. Taking of Evidence in the EU in Cross-border Scenarios=65
D. Enforcement Directive=67
E. Unified Patent Court=69
I. Introduction=69
II. UPR=71
III. UPTR=71
IV. UPCA=72
V. Unified Patent Court(UPC)=72
1. Organisation=72
2. Competence=72
3. The Judges=73
4. Procedure=74
a. Language of Proceedings=74
b. Rules of Procedure=74
c. Appeal Procedure―Basic Outline=76
5. Court Fees=76
VI. The Future Role of the European Court of Justice(ECJ)=77
VII. National Jurisdiction or Unified Patent Court?=77
3. Patent Enforcement in the United Kingdom / Christopher Rennie-Smith=81
A. General=81
I. Background=81
II. History and Tradition=82
III. Lawyers, Patent Attorneys and Judges=84
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=85
I. Types of Action=85
1. Actions by Patentees―Patent Infringement, Limitation=85
2. Actions by Others―Revocation, Declaration of Non-Infringement, Threats=86
II. Parties=87
III. Courts and Jurisdiction=87
1. Three Jurisdictions=87
2. Patent Courts in England=89
3. Transnational Jurisdiction=91
IV. Pre-Action Procedures=91
1. Patent Office Opinions=91
2. Interim Injunctions=92
3. Discovery of Names=94
4. Preservation of Assets=94
5. Preservation of Evidence and Provision of Information=95
6. Blocking Injunctions=96
7. Other Pre-Action Procedures=97
V. The Course of an Action=97
1. Statements and Particulars of Case=97
2. Admissions=98
3. Case Management : Directions=99
4. Disclosure of Documents=99
5. Witnesses=100
6. Experiments and Expert Evidence=100
7. Other Evidence Provisions=101
VI. Types of Infringement=101
VII. Remedies for Infringement=102
1. Injunctions=103
2. Monetary Remedies=104
3. Other Relief=105
4. Summary Judgment=106
VIII. Defences=106
1. Denial of Infringement, Statutory Defences, Invalidity=106
2. Licences, No Exhaustion of Rights=106
3. Defence of Invalidity : Stays Pending EPO Proceedings=107
IX. 'Wrongful Enforcement'=108
X. Costs=109
C. Conclusion=109
4. Patent Enforcement in Germany / Christian Osterrieth=111
A. Characteristics of the German System=111
I. Bifurcation=111
II. Written Procedure=113
III. Hearings and Decisions=113
1. Düsseldorf=114
2. Mannheim=114
3. Munich=115
4. Style of Decisions=115
5. Statistics=115
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=116
I. Types of Action=116
1. By the Patentee=116
a. Infringement Action=116
b. Customs Actions (Border Seizures)=116
2. By the Defendant=117
a. Declaration of Non-Infringement=117
b. Torpedo Action=117
c. Nullity Suit=118
II. Competent Parties=118
1. The Claimant=118
a. Patentee=118
b. Exclusive Licensee=119
c. Non-Exclusive Licensee=119
2. The Defendant=119
a. Direct Infringers=119
b. Contributory Infringer=120
c. Interferer ('Störer')=120
III. The Competent Court=121
1. Ordinary Courts=121
2. The Federal Patent Court=122
3. Appeals=122
IV. Preparation for Trial/Preliminary Measures=124
1. Measures to Preserve Evidence/Discovery=124
2. Preliminary Injunctions=125
3. Warning Letters=127
V. The Trial in Ordinary Proceedings=127
VI. Types of Infringement=128
1. In General=128
2. Claim Interpretation=129
3. Literal Infringement=130
4. Equivalent Infringement=130
5. Contributory Infringement=131
VII. Remedies=132
1. Injunctive Relief=132
2. Damages=133
3. Compensation Claim for Published Patent Applications=135
4. Claim for Destruction=135
5. Claim for Recall=135
6. Claim for Information and Rendering of Account=136
7. Claim for Publication of Court Decision=137
VIII. Defences=137
1. No Defence of Invalidity=137
2. Prohibition of Double Protection=137
3. Non-Infringement=137
4. Co-Ownership=138
5. Prior User Rights=138
6. Standard Patents=139
7. Exhaustion=140
IX. Enforcement and 'Wrongful Enforcement'=140
1. Preliminary Enforcement=140
2. Subsequent Invalidity of the Patent=141
3. Unjustified Warning Letters=141
X. Costs=141
1. Value of a Court Case=141
2. Statutory Minimum Fees and Reimbursement of Costs=142
5. Patent Enforcement in France / Isabelle Romet ; Amandine Métier ; Dora Talvard=145
A. Brief Outline of the Patent System=145
I. Legislative Framework=145
II. Court System=146
III. The Profession=146
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=147
I. Types of Action=147
1. Actions Available to the Patentee=147
a. Infringement Action=147
b. Customs Measures=148
2. Actions Available to Third Parties=149
a. Revocation Action=149
b. Opposition=152
c. Declaration of Non-Infringement=152
d. Action Against Threats=153
II. Competent Parties=153
III. Competent Court=154
IV. Preparations for Trial=155
1. Limitation=155
2. Warning Letters=156
3. Saisie-contrefaçon=156
4. Preliminary Injunctions=159
V. The Trial=162
1. First Instance Proceedings=162
2. Appeal Proceedings=164
3. Proceedings Before the Cour de cassation=165
4. Hearings=165
VI. Types of Infringement=166
1. Direct and Indirect Infringement=166
2. Literal Infringement and Infringement by Equivalents=167
VII. Remedies=169
1. Injunctive Relief=169
2. Damages=169
3. Recall, Confiscation, Destruction, Publication=170
VIII. Exceptions and Defences to Infringement=171
1. Invalidity=171
2. Exceptions to Exclusive Use=171
3. Exhaustion=172
4. Prior Personal Possession=172
5. FRAND Defence=172
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=173
1. Patent Declared Invalid after the Enforcement of a Preliminary Injunction=173
2. Patent Declared Invalid after a Final Decision Ordering the Payment of Damages=173
3. Remedies Against Unjustified Threats of Alleged Infringement=174
X. Costs=174
C. Annex : Statistics on French Patent Litigation=175
I. Number of Patent Decisions Handed down by the French Courts for the Period 2000-14=175
II. Number of Preliminary Injunctions Requested and Granted for the Period 2000-14=176
III. Nature of Cases among the Decisions Handed Down in First Instance and on Appeal=177
IV. Winning Rates in First Instance and on Appeal=178
6. Patent Enforcement in the Netherlands / Jan J Brinkhof ; Anselm Kamperman Sanders=181
A. Introduction and Brief Outline of the System=181
I. Introduction=181
II. Judges=181
III. Patent Attorneys and Patent Lawyers=183
B. Problems Related to Enforcement of Patent Rights=185
I. Types of Action=185
II. Competent Parties=186
III. Competent Courts=186
1. National Jurisdiction=186
2. International Jurisdiction=186
IV. Preparation for Trial―Preliminary Measures=190
1. Obtaining Evidence=190
2. Kort geding=191
V. The Trial=193
VI. Types of Infringement=194
1. Direct and Indirect Infringement=194
2. Literal and Equivalent Infringement=195
VII. Defences=196
1. Invalidity=196
2. Exhaustion=197
3. Research and Other Exceptions=198
VIII. Remedies=199
1. Injunctive Relief, Information and Destruction=199
2. Damages=200
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=201
X. Costs=201
C. Final Remarks=202
D. Literature=202
7. Patent Enforcement in Italy / Giovanni Casucci=205
A. The System of Civil Procedure in General=205
I. Introduction=205
II. Structure=205
1. First Instance=205
2. Appeal=206
3. Supreme Court=207
4. The Profession=207
III. Patent Enforcement=208
1. Supra-national Law, Regulations and National Enforcement=208
2. Requests for Urgent Relief as the Preferred Remedy=208
3. The 'Presumption of Invalidity' of an Italian Patent=208
4. Technical Issues=209
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=210
I. Type of Action=210
II. Competent Parties=210
III. Competent Court=212
IV. Preparation for Trial : Preliminary/Interim Measures=213
1. Descrizione=213
2. Sequestro=214
3. Inibitoria=215
4. Publication=215
5. Requirements=215
V. The Trial=216
VI. Types of Infringement=218
VII. Remedies=219
1. Injunctive Relief=219
2. Damages=219
VIII. Defences=221
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=222
X. Costs=223
C. Final Remarks=223
8. Patent Enforcement in Poland / Janusz Fiolka=225
A. History=225
I. Beginnings of Intellectual Property Protection in Poland=225
II. The Current IP System=227
1. Civil Law=227
2. The Constitution and International Agreements=228
3. Transitory Provisions=232
III. The Profession=233
1. Advocates=233
2. Legal Advisers=234
3. Patent Attorneys=234
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patents=235
I. Types of Action=235
1. Civil Infringement Action=235
2. Administrative (Border) Measures of Patent Enforcement=235
3. Patent Invalidity Procedures before the Patent Office=235
II. Competent Parties=237
III. Courts and Jurisdiction=238
1. In General=238
2. Procedures in Commercial Matters=238
3. Style of Decisions=239
4. National Jurisdiction=239
5. Double and Transborder Litigation=240
IV. Preparation for the Trial=241
1. Measures to Preserve Evidence=241
2. Warning Letters=241
3. Interim Injunctions=242
V. The Trial=242
1. In General=242
2. Expert Opinions=243
3. Appeals=243
4. Cassation (kasacja)=243
VI. Types of Infringement=244
1. Literal Infringement and Infringement by Equivalents in Patent Matters=244
2. Protection of Process Patents=245
VII. Remedies=246
1. Injunctive Relief=246
2. Claims for Infringer's Profits and Damages=246
3. Destruction of Infringing Goods=247
4. Publication of Court Decision=247
VIII. Defences=247
1. Non-Infringement=247
2. Invalidity=247
3. Time Bar=248
4. Other Defences=249
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=250
X. Costs=251
XI. Outlook=251
XII. Conclusion=253
9. Patent Enforcement in Switzerland / Fritz Blumer=255
A. System of Civil Procedure=255
I. System of Civil Litigation=255
II. Swiss Federal Patent Court=256
1. Historical Background=256
2. Organisation of the Federal Patent Court=257
III. The Profession=258
B. Enforcement of Patent Rights=259
I. Types of Action=259
1. Civil Proceedings=259
2. Customs Actions=260
3. Criminal Proceedings=260
II. Competent Parties=261
1. Plaintiff=261
2. Defendant=262
III. Competent Court=262
1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the Federal Patent Court=262
2. International Jurisdiction=263
IV. Preparation for Trial=266
1. Warning Letters=266
2. Protective Letters=266
3. Summary Proceedings Leading to Preliminary Measures=267
4. Ex parte Preliminary Measures=268
V. The Trial=268
1. Language of the Proceedings=268
2. Exchange of Written Submissions=269
3. Instruction Hearing=270
4. Taking of Evidence=271
5. Main Hearing=271
VI. Types of Infringement=272
1. Effects of the Patent=272
2. Scope of Protection=273
VII. Remedies=274
1. Injunctive Relief=274
2. Damages/Restitution of Profits=275
3. Actions for Declaration=277
VIII. Defences=277
1. Invalidity of the Patent in Suit=277
2. Exhaustion of Rights=278
3. Statute of Limitation, Laches=279
4. General Exceptions to the Effects of the Patent=279
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=281
X. Costs=281
1. Court Fees=281
2. Costs for Attorneys (Party Costs)=282
3. Legal Aid=283
10. Patent Enforcement in Turkey / Türkay Alica=285
A. Introduction and Civil Law Enforcement in Turkey=285
I. History=285
II. The Basic Features of Civil Procedure=286
III. Principles of Civil Procedure=287
IV. Industrial Property Rights in General=288
V. Patent Rights in Particular=289
VI. Representation in Patent Enforcement=290
B. Problems related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=291
I. Types of Actions=291
1. In General=291
2. Infringement Action=292
3. Customs Action=292
4. Actions against Decisions of TPI=292
5. Actions for Declaration of Non-Infringement=293
II. Competent Parties=293
1. The Plaintiff=293
a. Patent Owner=294
b. Co-Ownership of Patents=294
c. Licensees=294
2. The Defendant=294
III. Courts and Jurisdiction=295
1. The Court System=295
2. Jurisdiction=296
3. Judges and Decisions=297
IV. Preparation for Trial=298
1. In General=298
2. Interim Protection Measures=298
a. Obtaining and Preserving Evidence=298
b. Preliminary Injunctions=299
c. Customs Measures=300
d. Other Interim Measures=300
V. The Main Action=301
1. In General=301
2. Procedures in the Main Action=301
3. Obtaining and Introducing Evidence=303
4. Experts=304
VI. Types of Infringement=305
1. Direct Infringement=305
2. Indirect and Contributory Infringement=305
3. Infringement and Presumptions for Process Patents=305
4. Claim Interpretation=306
5. Literal and Equivalent Infringement=306
VII. Remedies=307
1. In General=307
2. Damages=307
VIII. Defences=308
1. In General=308
2. Request for Revocation as a Counterclaim=309
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=309
X. Court Costs and Attorney Fees=310
Part C. Patent Enforcement in Asia
11. Patent Enforcement in China / Thomas Pattloch=315
A. Chinese Courts and Civil Procedure=315
I. Civil Litigation System=315
II. Patent Law Policy and Interpretation=316
III. Institutions=318
1. SIPO and its Local Branches, the IP Bureaux=318
2. Special Case : Enforcement of Patents at Trade Fairs=319
3. Customs=319
4. Courts―Bifurcated Procedure=319
IV. The Profession=320
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=321
I. Types of Action=321
1. Civil Enforcement in Chinese Courts=321
a. Jurisdiction=321
b. No Pre-Determination by Administrative Decision=322
c. Non-Infringement Declaratory Action=322
2. Administrative Patent Litigation=322
3. Customs=322
4. Administrative Patent Enforcement=323
II. Competent Parties=325
III. The Competent Court=326
1. Jurisdiction=326
2. Competent Level and Court Division=327
3. 3 in 1 System=327
4. Expertise of Judges=327
5. Mediation/Settlements=328
6. Arbitration of Patent Matters=328
IV. Preparation for Trial=329
1. Evidence Preservation Orders=329
2. Evidence Collection by the Court=330
3. Evidence and Translation=330
4. Pre-Trial/Interim Injunctions=330
a. Procedure=330
b. Legal Requirements=331
c. No Suspension=331
5. Asset Freezing/Property Preservation Order=331
6. Warning Letters=331
V. The Trial=332
1. Principles=332
2. Procedure=332
a. Evidence=333
b. New Evidence=333
c. Expert Witnesses=334
d. Expert Opinion=334
3. Appeal/Retrial=334
4. Procedure before the PRB=335
5. Stay of Infringement Proceedings=336
VI. Types of Infringement=336
1. Determination of Infringement―Important Principles=336
a. All-element Doctrine=336
b. Doctrine of Equivalents=337
c. Public Domain=337
d. File History Estoppel=337
2. Claim Interpretation=338
a. Patent Acting as its Own Dictionary=338
b. POSA=338
c. Functional Features=338
d. Embodiments=338
e. Comparison of Technical Features=339
f. Additional Technical Features=339
g. Process Patents=339
h. Reverse Burden of Proof=339
3. Infringement=340
VII. Remedies=340
1. Injunction=340
2. Compensation=341
a. Damages=341
b. Statutory Damages=342
c. Reimbursement of Reasonable Expenses=343
d. Compensation for Use prior to Grant=343
3. Destruction of Moulds and Equipment=343
4. Apologies/Publication of Decision=343
VIII. Defences=344
1. Exhaustion of Rights=344
2. Prior Use=344
3. Goods in Transit=344
4. Scientific Research=344
5. Bolar Provisions=345
6. Prior Art Defence=345
7. Seller as Innocent Infringer=346
8. Limitation=346
IX. 'Wrongful Enforcement'=346
1. Abuse of Patent Right=346
2. Invalid Patent=347
X. Costs=347
12. Patent Enforcement in Taiwan / Ming-Yan Shieh ; Su-Hua Lee=349
A. Brief Outline of the System of Civil Procedure=349
I. Introduction=349
II. Development of the Patent Act=349
III. Patent Prosecution Procedure=350
IV. The Profession=351
V. Lawyers and Patent Attorneys=351
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=353
I. Types of Action=353
1. By the Patentee=353
a. Ordinary Infringement Action=353
b. Border Protection Measures for Patents=353
2. By the Defendant=354
a. Opposition against a Granted Patent=354
b. Invalidation Procedure=354
c. Determination of Scope/Action for Ascertaining Non-Infringement?=355
II. Competent Parties=356
1. Plaintiff=356
2. Defendant=357
III. Courts and Jurisdiction=357
1. Domestic Jurisdiction=357
2. International Jurisdiction=359
3. Judges and Technical Examination Officers=359
4. Technical Experts=360
5. Appeals=361
IV. Preparation for Trial=363
1. Preservation of Evidence=363
2. Interim Relief=364
V. The Trial=365
1. Course of Proceedings=365
2. Statistics=368
3. Technical Assessment of Infringement=369
4. Success Rate=369
VI. Types of Infringing Acts=371
1. Direct and Indirect Infringement=371
2. Literal and Equivalent Infringement=371
VII. Remedies=372
1. In General=372
2. Injunctions=372
3. Compensatory Damages=372
4. Punitive Damages=373
5. Statistics on Patent Damages=374
6. Further Considerations=375
VIII. Defences=377
1. In General=377
2. The Invalidity Defence=377
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=378
1. In General=378
2. Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System=380
X. Costs=380
XI. Conclusion and Outlook=381
13. Patent Enforcement in Japan / Christopher Heath=383
A. Civil Law Enforcement in Japan in General=383
I. Civil Procedure, Law Enforcement and Legal Consciousness=383
II. Patent System and Industrial Policy=385
III. Enforcement Procedures=386
1. In General=386
2. Civil Courts=386
3. Professional Representatives=387
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=387
I. Types of Action=387
1. By the Patentee=387
a. Infringement Action=387
b. Customs Action=387
c. Correction Trial=388
2. By Third Parties=388
a. Opposition/Revocation Action=388
b. Declaration of Non-Infringement=388
c. Determination of Scope=389
d. Misappropriation of an Invention=389
e. Suit for Proper Remuneration for an Employee' Invention=389
II. Competent Parties=389
1. The Plaintiff=389
2. Co-owners of Patents=390
3. Licensees=390
4. The Defendant=391
III. Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Courts=391
1. National Jurisdiction=391
2. International Jurisdiction=393
IV. Preparation for Trial=395
1. General Matters=395
2. Preliminary and Provisional Measures=396
V. The Trial=397
VI. Types of Infringement=399
1. Direct and Indirect Infringement=399
2. Literal and Equivalent Infringement=399
VII. Remedies=401
1. Injunctive Relief=401
2. Damages=401
a. Calculation of Damages=402
b. Infringer' Profits=404
c. Ordinary Licensing Fee=406
3. Seizure/Destruction=406
VIII. Defences=407
1. Non-Infringement=407
a. Statutory Licences=407
b. Experimental Research=407
c. Exhaustion=408
2. The Defence of Invalidity=408
3. Standard Patents=412
IX. 'Wrongful Enforcement'=412
1. Post-Infringement Invalidity=412
2. Warning Letters to Suppliers or Customers=413
X. Costs=415
XI. Statistics=416
XII. Academic Writings in English and German=419
14. Patent Enforcement in Korea / Byungil Kim=421
A. General Issues=421
B. Enforcement of Patent Rights in Particular=422
I. Types of Action=422
II. Parties to an Infringement Action=422
III. Jurisdiction=423
IV. Preliminary Measures=425
V. The Main Action=427
1. Warning Letters=427
2. Procedures in the Main Action=427
VI. Types of Infringement=428
VII. Remedies=430
1. Civil Remedies=430
a. Injunctive Relief=431
b. Damage Claims=431
2. Criminal Sanctions=432
VIII. Defences=432
1. Non-Infringement=432
2. Abuse of Patent Right=433
3. Invalidation Action=434
4. Confirmation of Scope=435
IX. 'Wrongful Enforcement'=435
X. Costs=435
XI. Conclusion=436
15. Patent Enforcement in India / Hemant Singh=437
A. Outline of the Indian Legal System=437
I. Indian Constitution and the Patents Act 1970=437
II. Judicial System=437
III. Indian Legal System=438
1. Civil Procedure=438
a. Institution of Suit and Pre-Trial Stage=438
b. Trial Stage=438
c. Judgment=438
d. Post-Suit=439
2. Courts and Style of Adjudication=439
3. Intellectual Property Appellate Board('IPAB')=439
4. Jurisdiction to Decide the Issue of Invalidity=439
5. Style of Decisions=439
IV. IP Profession=440
B. Enforcement of Patent IP Rights=440
I. Types of Action=440
1. Infringement of Patent=440
2. Importation of Patented Products : Customs=440
3. Intellectual Property Rights (Imported Goods) Enforcement Rules 2007=441
4. By a Third Party=441
5. Pre-Grant Opposition=442
6. Post-Grant Opposition=442
7. Revocation=443
8. Choice of Forum for Revocation=444
9. Declaration of Non-Infringement=445
II. Competent Parties=446
1. Who may Sue?=446
2. Who may be Sued?=446
III. The Competent Court=447
IV. Preparation for Trial=447
1. Pleadings=447
2. Documentary Evidence=448
3. Preliminary Injunction=448
4. Prima Facie Validity and Credible Challenge=450
5. Obviousness=450
6. Discoveries=451
V. The Trial=451
1. Presenting Testimony=451
2. Presentation of Evidence=451
3. The Role of Experts=452
4. Who Qualifies as an Expert=452
5. Extent of Relevance of Expert' Evidence=454
6. Documentary Evidence=455
7. Discovery and Production of Documents=455
VI. Types of Infringement=456
1. Direct and Indirect Infringement=456
2. Test for Infringement=456
3. Claim Construction=458
VII. Remedies=458
1. Injunction=458
VIII. Defences=458
1. Non-Infringement=458
2. Gillette Defence=459
3. Statutory Exceptions=459
4. Activities not Amounting to Infringement=459
5. By the Government=460
6. Research and Analysis=460
7. Bolar Exemption=460
8. Use on Foreign Vessels=460
9. Onus of Proof=461
10. Invalidity=461
11. Anticipation=462
12. Prior Publication=462
13. Section 3(d) : New Form of Known Substance=463
14. Obviousness=463
15. Non-Disclosure of Corresponding Application―Breach of Section 8=464
16. Non-Working of Patent=465
17. Standard Essential Patent=465
18. SEP vis-à-vis Competition Laws=466
19. The Competition Act=466
20. The Patents Act=467
21. Compulsory Licence=467
IX. Wrongful Enforcement―Groundless Threats=469
X. Costs=469
Part D. Patent Enforcement in the Americas
16. Patent Enforcement in the United States / Timothy Maloney=473
A. General Considerations=473
I. The Nature of US Patent Rights=473
II. The Duty of Candour=473
III. The System of Civil Procedure=474
1. The Trial Courts=474
2. The International Trade Commission=475
3. The Patent Trial and Appeals Board=475
4. The Courts of Appeal=476
a. The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit=476
b. The US Supreme Court=476
5. The Profession=477
B. Problems Related to the Enforcement of Patent Rights=477
I. Types of Action=477
1. PTO Procedures=477
a. Reissue Proceedings=478
b. Re-Examination Proceedings=478
c. Post-Grant and Inter Partes Review=479
d. Supplemental Examination=480
2. Ordinary Infringement Proceedings=480
3. ITC Proceedings=480
II. Strategic Considerations=480
III. Competent Court and Competent Parties―The Commencement of an Action=481
1. The Competent Court=482
2. The Competent Parties=483
a. Plaintiffs in Suits to Enforce Patents=483
b. Defendants in Suits to Enforce Patents=485
c. Declaratory Judgment Plaintiffs=488
3. The Pleadings=489
a. The Complaint=489
b. The Response to the Complaint=489
IV. Preparation for Trial=490
1. The Phase of Discovery=490
a. Matters Discoverable=490
b. Privileges and Immunities=491
c. Discovery Methods=493
2. Preliminary Injunctions=495
3. Claim Construction Proceedings=495
a. Rules for Interpreting Claims=496
b. Procedures for Interpreting Claims=497
4. Summary Judgments=497
V. Trial=499
1. The Use of Juries=499
2. Trial Procedure=500
VI. Types of Infringement―Primary Claims=502
1. Literal Infringement=502
2. Infringement under the Doctrine of Equivalents=503
3. Direct Infringement=504
4. Indirect Infringement=505
5. Wilful Infringement=506
VII. Remedies=507
1. Injunctive Relief=507
2. Damages=507
VIII. Primary Defences to Infringement=509
IX. Appeal=511
X. Litigation Expense=512
XI. Wrongful Enforcement=514
17. Patent Enforcement in Brazil / Filipe Fischmann=515
A. Introduction and Outline of the System=515
B. Selected Issues of the Civil Enforcement of Patents=517
I. Types of Action=517
1. Enforcement Before the Courts : Infringement, Revocation and Preliminary Measures=517
2. Administrative Enforcement : Post-Grant Opposition=518
II. Parties to the Proceedings=518
1. Patentee and Licensee=518
2. Alleged Infringer and 'Persons with Legitimate Interest'=518
3. INPI=519
4. Public Prosecutor's Office=519
III. Competent Courts and Specialised Courts=520
IV. Preliminary Measures=521
V. The Trial=522
1. First Instance Infringement Proceedings=522
2. First Instance Revocation Proceedings=524
3. Appeals=525
VI. Types of Infringement=526
VII. Remedies=526
VIII. Defences, Interaction of Infringement and Revocation Proceedings and Interplay of Competition Law and Patent Law=528
1. Privileged Acts, Exhaustion and Limitation Periods=528
2. Invalidity and Interaction Among Infringement and Revocation Proceedings=529
3. Patent Enforcement and Competition Law=532
a. Compulsory Licensing and Competition Law=532
b. Fraud in the Procurement of a Patent and Sham Litigation=533
IX. Wrongful Patent Enforcement=534
X. Costs and Cost Orders=534
C. Final Remarks=535
18. Patent Enforcement in Argentina / Mónica Witthaus=537
A. Introduction : Brief Outline of the System of Civil Procedure=537
B. Problems Related to Patent Enforcement=538
I. Types of Actions=538
1. Actions by the Patentee=538
a. Cessation of Use of the Patent by the Alleged Infringer=538
b. Claims for Damages According to the Provisions of the Patent Act and the Argentinean Civil Code=539
2. Defendant's Actions=539
a. Patent Nullity Claim=539
b. Expired Patent Claim=539
3. Actions Available to Both Parties=539
a. Actions Seeking a Declaratory Judgment=539
II. Competent Parties=540
1. Patent Holders and Licensees=540
2. Owners of Patent Applications and Unpatented Inventions=541
a. Owner of a Patent Application=541
b. 'Whoever Breaches the Secrecy Obligation Imposed by this Law'=543
c. Owner of an Unprotected Invention=543
3. Direct Infringers=544
4. Contributory Infringers=544
III. Competent Courts=544
IV. Preparation for Trial : Interim Relief and Advance Proof=545
1. Importance=545
2. Relief Provided Under the Patent Act=545
3. Expiry of Interim Relief and Prior Mediation=550
a. Cessation of Exploitation=550
b. Border Measures=551
4. Provisional Measures Provided Under TRIPS=551
5. Other Provisional Measures=551
a. The National Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure=551
6. Measures of Advance Proof=552
V. The Judicial Proceedings=552
1. Civil Proceedings=552
a. First Instance : Petition, Submission of Demurrers, Defence Pleadings and Counterclaim, Proof, Judgment and Execution of Judgment=553
b. Second Instance=554
VI. Types of Infringement=555
VII. Damages=556
VIII. Defences=560
1. Pleas Based on the Patent Act and Case Law=560
2. Formal Defences=563
IX. Wrongful Enforcement=563
1. Interim Relief Measures=563
2. Civil Code Provisions=563
3. Act on Protection of Competition=563
X. Costs=564
Part E. International and Comparative Issues
19. The Extraterritorial Enforcement of Patent Rights / Marketa Trimble=569
A. Introduction=569
B. Foreign Patents in National Courts=570
I. Infringements of Foreign Patents (With Adjudication of Validity)=570
II. Infringements of Foreign Patents (Without Adjudication of Validity)=572
C. Extraterritorial Application of National Patent Laws=576
I. The Extraterritorial Reach of National Patent Laws=576
II. Localisation as a Means of Extending the Reach of National Patent Laws=578
III. Extraterritorial Remedies=580
IV. Extraterritorial Enforcement of Remedies=582
V. Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel and Foreign Patents=583
D. Conclusion=584
20. Border Measures in Europe, Japan and the US / Anja Petersen-Padberg=587
A. Introduction=587
B. Border Measures in the European Union=588
I. Overview=588
1. Applicable Law=588
2. Statistics=589
II. Scope=590
1. Intellectual Property Rights Subject to Border Measures in Europe=590
2. Customs Situations=591
3. Parallel Imports and Personal Luggage=592
III. Application=593
1. Application Standard Form=593
2. Competent Public Authority=593
3. Entitlement=593
4. Required Information=593
5. Importers Have no Right to be Heard=595
6. Processing Time=596
7. Validity=596
8. Updates, Amendments, Special Alerts=596
9. Costs=596
IV. Customs Action=597
1. General=597
2. Suspicion of Infringement=597
3. Consultation=598
4. Notification=598
5. Right to Inspection=598
V. 'Basic Procedure'=599
1. Notification=599
2. Confirmation of Patent Right Infringement by the Patentee=599
3. Written Agreement of the Importer or Holder of the Goods=599
4. Objection to Destruction=600
5. Initiation of Proceedings to Determine Whether a Patent Right has been Infringed=600
6. Release of Goods=600
7. Destruction of the Goods=601
VI. Early Release of the Goods by Posting a Bond=601
VII. Liability=603
1. Liability of Customs Authorities=603
2. Liability of the Patentee=603
C. Border Measures in Japan=604
I. Overview=604
II. Prerequisites=607
1. Customs Situations=607
2. Entitlement=607
3. Application=607
a. Content of Application=607
b. Publication of Application/Notice to Importer=608
c. Grant or Rejection―Expert Group Opinion=608
d. Processing Time=609
e. Costs=609
4. Customs Action (Suspension of Import)=609
5. Liability=611
D. Border Measures in the US=611
I. Overview=611
II. Pre-Institution Investigation=614
III. Intervention=614
IV. Investigation Procedures=614
V. Remedies=615
VI. Temporary Relief=616
VII. Review by the Commission=617
VIII. Presidential Review=617
IX. Settlement=617
X. Appeal=618
XI. Parallel Court Actions=619
XII. Processing Time of Investigation Proceedings=619
XIII. Clearing-the-Way Requests=619
XIV. US Customs and Border Protection Procedures=619
E. Summary=620
Index=623