영문목차
Series editors' preface=xv
Preface=xvii
Table of case law=xix
Table of materials=xxxi
Introduction=1
1. WTO law on services : a starter kit=9
1.1. Introduction=9
1.2. Status of negotiations under the GATS=11
1.3. The architecture of the GATS=13
1.3.1. General obligations and specific commitments=13
1.3.2. Reference papers, annexes and disciplines=15
1.4. Scope of application of the GATS=18
1.4.1. Substantive coverage=18
1.4.2. Sectoral coverage=19
1.4.3. The modes of supply covered=20
1.5. The Most Favoured Nation principle=24
1.6. Specific commitments=25
1.6.1. Scheduling=25
1.6.2. Market access=27
1.6.3. National treatment=29
1.6.4. Conclusion=32
1.7. Exemptions from the GATS=32
1.7.1. General exemptions=32
1.7.2. Exemptions from MFN=35
1.8. Domestic regulation=36
1.8.1. The background=36
1.8.2. Article VI GATS=37
1.8.3. The relation to specific commitments=39
1.8.3.1. The interplay between 'market access' and national treatment under the GATT=39
1.8.3.2. The interplay of domestic regulation with national treatment and market access under the GATS=40
1.8.4. Disciplines on domestic regulation=41
1.9. The effect of WTO law in national law=44
1.10. Conclusion=46
2. The relationship between the EU and the WTO : differentiation and participation=48
2.1. Introduction=48
2.2. 'Constitutional' differences between the EU and the WTO=49
2.2.1. 'Law-making'=49
2.2.2. 'Adjudication'=52
2.2.3. Effect in national law=58
2.3. The prerequisites and modalities of the participation of the EU in the WTO=60
2.3.1. Introduction=60
2.3.2. The EU and WTO derogations for regional trade agreements=61
2.3.3. EU competence and representation=63
2.3.4. EU commitments=65
2.4. A structural divide : competition law=69
2.5. Conclusion=74
3. EU primary law on services : fundamentals and delimitations / with Kathrin Blanck-Putz=75
3.1. Introduction=75
3.2. Fundamentals=76
3.2.1. The regulatory standard and establishments=76
3.2.2. The regulatory standard with services=79
3.2.3. Some specifics on companies=82
3.2.4. Constitutive elements=84
3.2.4.1. Introduction=84
3.2.4.2. Inter-state element=84
3.2.4.3. Economic activity/remuneration=86
3.2.4.4. Permanence/duration=88
3.3. The justification regime=90
3.3.1. Introduction=90
3.3.2. General (treaty-based) justifications=90
3.3.3. Specific (case law-based) justifications=91
3.3.4. Convergence of the justification regime=94
3.3.5. Proportionality=95
3.3.6. The test of equivalence=98
3.4. Relationship with the other freedoms=101
3.4.1. Introduction=101
3.4.2. Services and establishments=102
3.4.3. Goods and services=104
3.4.4. Services and capital=108
3.5. Public services=109
3.5.1. Introduction=109
3.5.2. Services in official authority=110
3.5.3. Services of general economic interest=112
3.5.3.1. Introduction=112
3.5.3.2. The basic rule for the conferral of special or exclusive rights=113
3.5.3.3. The exception for public services=114
3.5.3.4. The exception from the exception and the Altmark criteria=117
3.6. Conclusion=121
4. Deconstructing EU law on services and establishments=122
4.1. Introduction=122
4.2. Some initial thoughts on deconstructing the regulatory standards=123
4.2.1. Discriminatory measures and restrictions=123
4.2.2. Market access and domestic regulation=126
4.3. The trouble with Keck=127
4.3.1. Introduction=127
4.3.2. The double rule exception in Keck and Gourmet=128
4.3.3. Which regulatory standard does Keck represent?=130
4.4. The market access-domestic regulation dichotomy in EU services law=132
4.4.1. The application of Keck to services=132
4.4.2. Recital 9 Services Directive=135
4.4.3. Other distinctions between market access and domestic regulation in EU law=136
4.4.4. Conclusion=138
4.5. Do the fundamental freedoms have a 'blind spot'?=138
4.6. The fault-lines of the debate on discrimination in EU (services) law=142
4.6.1. Introduction=142
4.6.2. Distinctly and indistinctly applicable measures=143
4.6.3. One-step or two-step review of discrimination?=145
4.6.4. Indirect discrimination=146
4.6.5. The justification regime=148
4.7. Conclusion=151
5. Variatio delectat? Different regulatory approaches for different services=153
5.1. Introduction=153
5.2. Minimum coordination : posting of workers=154
5.3. Mutual recognition : professional qualifications=158
5.4. 'Hybrid negative harmonization' : the Services Directive=161
5.4.1. Regulatory approach=161
5.4.2. Regulatory nature=163
5.5. Soft law and case law : services of general economic interest=166
5.6. Conclusion=172
6. The Services Directive : innovation and fragmentation=174
6.1. Introduction=174
6.2. Scope of application=176
6.2.1. Introduction=176
6.2.2. Key concepts=176
6.2.3. Sectoral coverage=178
6.2.4. Exemptions from the scope of application=179
6.2.5. The partial exemption of services of general economic interest=181
6.3. The rules on established service providers=184
6.3.1. Blacklisted national measures=184
6.3.2. Restrictions=185
6.3.2.1. Introduction=185
6.3.2.2. Requirements=185
6.3.2.3. Authorizations=186
6.3.3. Justification=187
6.3.4. Conclusion=189
6.4. The rules on services=189
6.4.1. Introduction=189
6.4.2. The freedom to provide services in Article 16(1)=191
6.4.2.1. The wording of Article 16(1) and the relevance of Article 16(3)=191
6.4.2.2. The justifications regime under Article 16=192
6.4.2.3. The limited relevance of Article 16(1)=194
6.4.2.4. The legality of Article 16(1)=197
6.4.3. The Article 16(2) blacklist=198
6.4.4. Safety measures under Article 18=199
6.4.5. Conclusion=200
6.5. The bigger picture on rules on services and establishments under the Services Directive=200
6.6. Screening=204
6.6.1. Introduction=204
6.6.2. Requirements and safety measures=204
6.6.3. The potential of screening=205
6.7. Quality of services=209
6.8. Administrative provisions=210
6.8.1. Introduction=210
6.8.2. Information and administration=211
6.8.3. Mutual assistance, cooperation and supervision=212
6.9. Fragmentation/relation to other secondary law=213
6.9.1. Introduction=213
6.9.2. The relationship between Article 3 and Article 17 Services Directive=215
6.10. Conclusion=221
7. The implementation of the Services Directive : a Herculean effort with poor results? / with Georg Adler=223
7.1. Introduction=223
7.2. Requirements of the Services Directive from an implementation perspective=225
7.2.1. Introduction=225
7.2.2. Points of single contact=226
7.2.3. Applicability to purely internal situations=227
7.2.4. Tacit authorization=228
7.2.5. Article 16 Services Directive=229
7.3. Implementation in Germany=230
7.3.1. Introduction=230
7.3.2. Points of single contact=231
7.3.3. Tacit authorization=233
7.3.4. Article 16 Services Directive=234
7.4. Implementation in Austria=235
7.4.1. Introduction=235
7.4.2. Points of single contact=237
7.4.3. Tacit authorization=239
7.4.4. Article 16 Services Directive=240
7.5. A comparative view of the implementation of Article 16=241
7.6. Conclusion=243
8. Principles of services law in the EU and the WTO : comparing the comparable=245
8.1. Introduction=245
8.2. The sectoral and horizontal approaches compared=247
8.3. Exemptions compared=250
8.4. Home state rule and host state rule=254
8.4.1. Home state rule=254
8.4.2. Host state rule=256
8.5. Mutual recognition as the missing link=258
8.5.1. Introduction=258
8.5.2. Mutual recognition in the GATS and the EU Treaty=259
8.5.3. The nature of mutual recognition=260
8.5.4. The relationship between mutual recognition and harmonization=262
8.6. Market access=264
8.6.1. Introduction=264
8.6.2. Form and effect in EU and WTO law=265
8.6.3. A comparative view of US-Gambling=267
8.6.4. Conclusion=269
8.7. Non-discrimination=270
8.7.1. Introduction=270
8.7.2. Likeness and the tertium comparationis=271
8.7.3. Direct and covert discrimination=274
8.7.4. Indirect discrimination and de facto discrimination=276
8.7.5. Conclusion : what test for which form of discrimination?=278
8.8. Differential regulation and double burdens=279
8.8.1. Introduction=279
8.8.2. Double burdens=280
8.8.3. Differential regulation=283
8.9. Conclusion=285
9. Quo vadit? Conclusions and recommendations=288
References=291
Index=308