영문목차
List of Tables=ix
List of Figures=xiii
Foreword=xv
Preface=xvii
1. Introduction=1
Geographical Setting=1
Historical Background=3
Economy=5
Demographic Data=8
Administrative Division=12
2. External Migration=15
Introduction=15
Chinese Migration=16
Indian Migration=24
Malay Migration=36
3. Internal Migration=43
Lifetime Inter-State Migration=44
Five-Year Inter-State Migration=49
Migration Origin and Destination=51
Five-Year Inter-District Migration=55
Urban and Rural Migration=57
4. Ethnic and Religious Patterns=61
Ethnic Composition=62
Regional Ethnic Composition=65
Religious Composition=69
Religious Composition of Ethnic Groups=71
Regional Religious Composition=73
5. Population Growth and Distribution=78
Overall Population Growth=79
Regional Population Growth=83
Urban/Rural Population Growth=86
Regional Population Distribution=88
Regional Distribution of Foreign-born Population=93
Urban/Rural Population Distribution=95
6. Population Structure=102
Sex Composition=102
Age Structure=105
Educational Attainment=111
Citizenship Pattern=114
Foreign-Born Population=118
7. Nuptiality Trends and Patterns=123
Marriage Customs and Laws=123
Age at First Marriage=127
Marital Status Composition=133
Proportion Single=134
Proportion Divorced=138
8. Fertility Trends and Differentials=142
Antinatalist Programme=143
Pronatalist Programme=148
Fertility Trends=150
Ethnic Fertility Differentials=155
Regional Fertility Differentials=158
9. Mortality Trends and Differentials=161
General Mortality Trends=161
Mortality Pattern by Age=164
Causes of Death=165
Life Expectancy=167
Ethnic Mortality Differentials=170
10. Labour Force=172
Concepts and Definitions=172
Labour Force Participation Rates=174
Industrial Structure=181
Occupational Pattern=186
11. Future Population Trends=191
Introduction=191
Future Population Growth=192
Future Age Structure=194
Future Ethnic Composition=196
Bibliography=199
Index=209
1.1. Topics Covered in the Population and Housing Censuses of Four Pan-Malaysia Censuses, 1970-2000=11
2.1. Annual Chinese Indentured Immigrants, 1881-1914=19
2.2. Annual Chinese Immigrants and Emigrants, 1881-1938=23
2.3. Annual Indian Indentured Immigrants, 1880-1910=27
2.4. Annual Indian Kangany-Recruited Immigrants, 1899-1907=28
2.5. Annual Indian Assisted Immigrants, 1908-38=30
2.6. Annual Indian Assisted Immigrants by Type, 1908-38=31
2.7. Annual Indian Independent Immigrants, 1880-1939=33
2.8. Annual Indian Immigrants and Emigrants, 1880-1939=35
2.9. Annual Malay Arrivals and Departures to the Netherlands East Indies, 1923-40=41
3.1. Lifetime Inter-State Migration, 1980-2000=45
3.2. Percentage of Inter-State Migration to State Population, 1980-2000=48
3.3. Five-Year Inter-State Migration, 1995-2000=50
3.4. Five-Year Inter-State In-Migrants to Major Net Gaining States by State of Origin, 1995-2000=52
3.5. Five-Year Inter-State Out-Migrants from Major Net Losing States by State of Destination, 1995-2000=54
3.6. Five-Year Inter-District Migrants within State by State, 1975-2000=56
3.7. Five-Year Urban and Rural Migration, 1986-2000=58
3.8. Percentage Distribution of Internal Migrants by Type and Reason, 1980=59
4.1. Distribution of Total Population by Ethnic Group, 1970 and 1980=63
4.2. Distribution of Citizen Population by Ethnic Group, 1991-2010=64
4.3. Percentage Distribution of Citizen Population by Ethnic Group, Region and State, 2010=65
4.4. Distribution of Bumiputera Citizen Population in Sabah and Sarawak by Sub-Ethnic Group, 2010=67
4.5. Distribution of Citizen Population by Ethnic Group and Urban/Rural Area, 2010=68
4.6. Distribution of Total Population by Religion, 1980-2010=70
4.7. Distribution of Citizen Population by Religion and Ethnic Group, 2010=72
4.8. Percentage Distribution of Total Population by Religion and State, 2010=74
4.9. Percentage Distribution of Total Population by Religion and Urban/Rural Area, 2010=76
5.1. Total Population Growth, 1960-2010=79
5.2. Components of Total Population Growth, 1970-2010=81
5.3. Growth of Citizen Population by Ethnic Group, 1991-2010=82
5.4. Population Growth by Region, 1960-2010=84
5.5. Annual Rate of Population Growth in West Malaysian States, 1970-2010=85
5.6. Population Growth by Urban/Rural Area, 1970-2010=87
5.7. Population Distribution and Density by Region and State, 2010=89
5.8. Percentage Distribution of Population by State, 1970-2010=91
5.9. Distribution of Foreign-Born Population by State and Country of Birth, 2000=94
5.10. Distribution of Population by Urban/Rural Area, 1970-2010=96
5.11. Percentage Distribution of Population in Each State by Urban/Rural Area, 2010=97
5.12. Distribution of Urban Centres and Population by Class Size, 1980-2000=98
5.13. Population in Top Urban Centres, 1991 and 2000=99
6.1. Distribution of Total Population by Sex, 1970-2010=103
6.2. Distribution of Total Population by Citizenship, Broad Age Group and Sex, 2010=104
6.3. Distribution of Citizen Population by Sex and Ethnic Group, 2010=105
6.4. Distribution of Total Population by Broad Age Group, 1970-2010=106
6.5. Distribution of Citizen Population by Broad Age Group and Ethnic Group, 2010=109
6.6. Distribution of Population Aged 6 and Over by Educational Attainment, 1970-2000=112
6.7. Percentage Distribution of Population by Educational Attainment, Citizenship and Ethnic Group, 2010=113
6.8. Distribution of Population by Citizenship and State, 2010=116
6.9. Distribution of Non-Citizen Population by Country of Origin and Sex, 2000=117
6.10. Distribution of Population by Local-Born and Foreign-Born, 1970-2000=119
6.11. Distribution of Foreign-Born Population by Country of Birth, 1970-2000=121
7.1. Muslim Marriages and Non-Muslim Marriages, 2002-09=127
7.2. Singulate Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex and Urban/Rural Area, 1980-2010=129
7.3. Singulate Mean Age at First Marriage by Sex, Ethnic Group and Citizenship, 1991-2010=132
7.4. Distribution of Population Aged 15 and Over by Marital Status and Sex, 1980-2010=133
7.5. Proportion of Single Persons Aged 15 and Over by Sex, Ethnic Group and Citizenship, 1991 and 2010=134
7.6. Proportion of Single Persons by Sex and Age Group, 1980-2010=136
7.7. Proportion of Single Persons Aged 15 and Over by Sex and State, 2010=137
7.8. Proportion of Divorced Persons Aged 15 and Over by Sex, Ethnic Group and Citizenship, 1991-2010=138
7.9. Proportion of Divorced Persons Aged 15 and Over by Sex and State, 2010=139
8.1. Family Planning Acceptors by Agency, 1967-83=147
8.2. Annual Average Births and Crude Birth Rates, 1970-2011=151
8.3. Births and Total Fertility Rate, 1991-2012=152
8.4. Age-Specific Fertility Rate, 2001-10=154
8.5. Relative Contribution of Each Age Group to Gross Total Fertility, 2001-10=155
8.6. Total Fertility Rate for Three Main Ethnic Groups, 1991-2011=156
8.7. Total Fertility Rate by State, 2011=158
9.1. Annual Average Deaths and Crude Death Rates, 1970-2011=162
9.2. Infant and Neonatal Mortality Rates, 1970-2011=163
9.3. Age-Specific Death Rates by Sex, 2011=164
9.4. Principal Causes of Death, 1988-2008=166
9.5. Abridged Life Table for Malaysian Males, 2011=168
9.6. Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex, 1991-2012=169
9.7. Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex and Ethnic Group, 1991-2012=170
10.1. Labour Force Participation Rates by Population Aged 15-64 by Sex and Citizenship, 1980-2010=175
10.2. Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1980-2010=177
10.3. Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rates of Citizen Population by Sex and Ethnic Group, 2010=180
10.4. Distribution of Employed Persons Aged 15-64 by Three Broad Sectors of Economic Activity, 1980-2010=182
10.5. Distribution of Employed Persons Aged 15-64 in Top Ten Industries by Sex, 2010=184
10.6. Percentage Distribution of Employed Citizens Aged 15-64 in Top Ten Industries by Citizenship and Urban/Rural Area, 2010=185
10.7. Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons Aged 15-64 by Sex, Citizenship and Urban/Rural Area, 2010=187
10.8. Percentage Distribution of Employed Citizens Aged 15-64 by Ethnic Group, 2010=189
11.1. Future Population, 2010-40=193
11.2. Future Population by Four Broad Age Groups, 2010-40=194
11.3. Future Citizen Population by Ethnic Group, 2010-40=196
5.1. Changing Rank Order of States, 1970-2010=92
6.1. Age Pyramids, 1970-2010=107
6.2. Age Pyramids of Citizen and Non-Citizen Population, 2010=108
6.3. Age Pyramids of Ethnic Citizen Population, 2010=110
10.1 Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rates, 1980 and 2010=178