영문목차
List of Figures and Tables=vi
Preface and Acknowledgments=ix
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction : Why Do Elections Fail?=3
2. Evidence=26
PART II. EXPLAINING FAILURES
3. Structural Constraints=63
4. International Forces=87
5. Institutional Checks=113
6. Electoral Management=133
PART III. CONCLUSIONS
7. Conclusions : Lessons for Strengthening Electoral Integrity=163
Technical Appendix=179
Notes=183
Select Bibliography=221
Index=249
1.1. International standards for elections=6
2.1. Expert indices monitoring the quality of elections=30
2.2. Questions in the expert survey of PEI=39
2.3. Characteristics of the countries in PEI-2.8=42
2.4. Correlations of PEI with the expert indices of electoral quality=45
2.5. Types of electoral integrity and types of regimes=48
2.6. Electoral integrity by types of regimes=58
3.1. The PEI Index and its components correlated with economic indices=71
3.2. Structural conditions and electoral integrity=76
4.1. Electoral integrity and international forces=102
4.2. PEI Index and its components correlated with international indices=107
5.1. Political institutions and electoral integrity=127
5.2. Political institutions correlated with the PEI Index and its components=130
6.1. Electoral authorities and electoral integrity=152
6.2. Electoral authorities correlated with the PEI Index and its components=157
1.1. Steps in the electoral cycle=12
1.2. Electoral integrity and democracy=15
1.3. Theoretical framework explaining electoral integrity=16
2.1. Electoral integrity during the electoral cycle=52
2.2. Electoral integrity by country=54
2.3. Electoral integrity during the electoral cycle by type of regime=56
3.1. Electoral integrity and wealth=70
3.2. Electoral integrity and human development=72
3.3. Electoral integrity and natural resources=73
3.4. Electoral integrity and perceptions of corruption=75
3.5. Electoral integrity and the stock of democracy=83
4.1. Trends in aid spending=94
4.2. Electoral integrity and globalization=103
4.3. Electoral integrity and cosmopolitan communications=104
4.4. Electoral integrity and election aid spending=106
5.1. Electoral integrity and press freedom=128
5.2. Electoral integrity and parliamentary powers=129
5.3. Electoral integrity and electoral systems=131
6.1. Types of EMBs=139
6.2. Electoral integrity by the type of regime and electoral management body=153
6.3. Distribution of types of electoral management bodies=154
6.4. Electoral integrity and government effectiveness=155