1 Exposing Methods: The 2014 European Parliament Elections2 Imposing Constitutionality: The 2009 Bundestag Election3 From Reals to Integers: Rounding Functions and Rounding Rules4 Divisor Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Round 5 Quota Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Rank6 Targeting the House Size: Discrepancy Distribution7 Favoring Some at the Expense of Others: Seat Biases.8 Preferring Stronger Parties to Weaker Parties: Majorization9 Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes10 Appraising Electoral Equality: Goodness-of-Fit Criteria11 Tracing Peculiarities: Vote Thresholds and Majority Clauses12 Truncating Seat Ranges: Minimum-Maximum Restrictions13 Proportionality and Personalization: BWG 2013 14 Representing Districts and Parties: Double Proportionality15 Double-Proportional Divisor Methods: Technicalities16 Biographical DigestNotes and Comments ReferencesIndex