Title page
Contents
Foreword 6
Acknowledgements 7
Acronyms and abbreviations 9
Explanatory notes 10
1. Introduction 12
1.1. General uses of conversion factors 12
1.2. The use of conversion factors by FAO, ITTO and UNECE 13
1.3. Methods 14
2. Roundwood 16
2.1. Volumetric measurement 16
2.2. Weight and physical properties 22
2.3. Summary of country data on roundwood 24
3. Wood particles 28
3.1. Volumetric measurement 28
3.2. Weight 28
3.3. Summary of country data on wood particles 30
4. Sawnwood 32
4.1. Volumetric measurement 33
4.2. Weight 35
4.3. Material balance 35
4.4. Summary of country data on sawnwood 37
5. Veneer and plywood 40
5.1. Volumetric and surface measurement 40
5.2. Weight 40
5.3. Material balance 41
5.4. Summary of country data on veneer and plywood 42
6. Panels made of wood particles 46
6.1. Volumetric and surface measurement 46
6.2. Weight 46
6.3. Summary of country data on panels made of wood particles 47
7. Wood pulp and paper 50
7.1. Weight 50
7.2. Summary of country data on wood pulp and paper 51
8. Round and split wood products 54
8.1. Volumetric and surface measurement 54
8.2. Weight 55
8.3. Material balance 55
8.4. Summary of country data on round and split wood products 56
9. Energy wood products and properties 58
9.1. Volumetric measurement 58
9.2. Weight 58
9.3. Energy values 58
9.4. Summary of country data on energy wood products and properties 59
References 62
Annex 66
TABLE 2.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF M3 TO MBF CONVERSION FACTORS BY LOG SCALE AND REGION 20
TABLE 2.2. SWEDISH NATIONAL BOARD OF FORESTRY STACKED MEASURE GUIDELINES FOR PULP LOGS 21
TABLE 4.1. BOARD FOOT ACTUAL-TO-NOMINAL SIZES AND VOLUMES, BY LUMBER (SAWNWOOD) PRODUCT TYPE 34
TABLE 7.1. TYPICAL PULP YIELDS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF WOOD PULP 50
TABLE 8.1. SHAKES AND SHINGLES PRODUCED FROM A CUBIC METRE OF WESTERN RED CEDAR LOGS 55
FIGURE 2.1. TRUE LOG VOLUME CALCULATION 16
FIGURE 2.2. LOG VOLUME COMPARISON BETWEEN NATIONAL LOG SCALES FOR THE LOG DEPICTED IN FIGURE 2.1 17
FIGURE 2.3. BOARD FOOT LOG RULES: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 18
FIGURE 2.4. ESTIMATED LOG VOLUME USING VARIOUS LOG RULE METHODS AND SMALL-END DIAMETER CLASSES TO CONVERT FROM 1000 BOARD FEET TO CUBIC METRES (m³ BC Firmwood... 19
FIGURE 4.1. EXAMPLE OF ROUNDWOOD-TO-SAWNWOOD CONVERSION FACTORS, BY STATE OF MANUFACTURE 32
FIGURE 4.2. MATERIAL BALANCE AND SAWNWOOD RECOVERY, BY SMALL-END DIAMETER 33
FIGURE 4.3. MATERIAL BALANCE IN THE SAWMILLING PROCESS FOR CONIFEROUS SAWNWOOD, BY REPORTING COUNTRY 35
FIGURE 4.4. MATERIAL BALANCE IN THE SAWMILLING PROCESS FOR NON-CONIFEROUS SAWNWOOD 36
FIGURE 5.1. PRODUCT RECOVERY, BY SMALL-END LOG DIAMETER, IN A TYPICAL NORTH AMERICAN CONIFEROUS ROTARY PLYWOOD MILL 41
Annex Tables
ANNEX TABLE 1. LIST OF EQUIVALENTS 66
Annex Figures
ANNEX FIGURE 1. EXAMPLE OF WOOD BALANCE USING CONVERSION FACTORS 67