About Kenneth LyenDedicationForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsImportant NoteChapter 1 Child development: The first yearIntroductionDefinitionAssessment of child developmentAt birth1-month-old2-month-old4-month-old6-month-old9-month-old12-month-oldRed flags2-month-old4-month-old6-month-old9-month-old12-month-oldConclusionsReferencesChapter 2 Toddler development: 18 months to 5 yearsIntroductionDefinition18-month-old2-year-old3-year-old4-year-old5-year-oldRed flags18-month-old2-year-old3-year-old4-year-old5-year-oldConclusionsReferencesChapter 3 IntelligenceIntroductionWhat is intelligence?How is it measured?The "g" factorFluid and crystallized intelligenceThree stratum theoryTriarchic theoryMultiple intelligencesEmotional intelligenceSocial intelligenceIs IQ genetically inheritable?How good are IQ tests?Can one improve intelligence through training?Is the current education system stratified according to intelligence?Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)What is the average IQ of the top professions?The Flynn EffectWhat about intellectual disabilitiesConclusionsReferencesChapter 4 Gifted intelligenceIntroductionWhat is gifted intelligence?IntelligenceGiftednessTalentedGifted vs talentedIQ tests and the labelling of giftednessGifted educationMultiple intelligences (also seeChapter 3)Problems of gifted childrenIs there a male-female difference in higher IQ scores?Does high IQ correlate with life's success?Terman's TermitesSelected examples of high IQ gifted individualsLady Gaga (b 1986)Terence Tao (b 1975)ConclusionsReferencesChapter 5 CreativityIntroductionDefinition of creativityWhat are the benefits of creative thinking?Measuring creativityTorrance test of creative thinkingGenetics and neuroscience of creativityFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Electroencephalogram (EEG)How to stimulate creative thinkingWhat stimulates creativity?Dreams and sleepCreative personalityHabits and personalities of creative peopleEducation and creativityCOVID-19 pandemic and creativityConclusionsReferencesChapter 6 MemoryIntroductionDefinitionBasic memory processesTypes of memoryWorking memoryLong-term memoryWhere are memories stored?The hippocampusHenry Molaison (1926--2008)Which parts of the brain are memories stored in?How is long-term memory stored?Use it or lose it!Memory over the life-spanDementiaAmnesiaUnforgettableFalse memoriesHow to improve one's memoryImagining the futureReferencesChapter 7 ConsciousnessIntroductionDefinitionShould we exclude subconsciousness?The unsolved problem of consciousnessDescartes' DualismMirror left brain: right brain theoryDo babies and foetuses have consciousness?The meta-problemAnimal consciousnessCan we build a conscious robot?PanpsychismIntegrated Information TheoryOther theories of consciousnessThe bodyMary's Room philosophical thought experimentDo you have a new theory?Part 1 Mirror Left Brain: right brainPart 2 Reading Brain SignalsConclusionsReferencesChapter 8 SleepIntroductionDefinitionWhat's the difference between sleep and unconsciousness?Historical aspectsRapid eye movementStages of sleepDreams and nightmaresEmotional healing, creativitySleep apnoeaContinuous positive airways pressureNarcolepsyInsomniaSleep talkersSleepwalkersThe sleep cycleHow many hours of sleep does one need?School hoursHow to get a good night's sleepConclusionsReferencesChapter 9 BilingualismDefinitionsBilingualismTackling bilingualismThe brainCreole or pidgin languageBilingualism and dyslexiaBenefits of bilingualismDisadvantages of bilingualismWill modern technology discourage learning another language?ConclusionsReferencesChapter 10 MusicIntroductionWhat are the effects of music?The neuroscience of musicDevelopment of musical skillsMusic therapyMusic educationConclusionsReferencesChapter 11 PersonalityIntroductionWhat is personality?What are the elements that comprise personality?Preferred approach to personalityPersonality testsCriticisms of personality testsDefenders of personality testsOther attacks on personality testsPersonality labellingDo we have multiple personalities?Can you change your personality?Parenting stylesKeep your needs separateFinal notesReferencesChapter 12 Mental HealthIntroductionDefinitionPresentationPrevalenceCausesNeurodevelopmental causesManagementEducating parents, caregivers and teachersWhat about the education system?ConclusionsReferencesOther informationGetting helpMental well-beingCounsellingChapter 13 Intellectual disabilityIntroductionSidenoteDefinitionIQ testsExclusionary criteriaLevels of intellectual disabilityHow common is intellectual disability?CausesGenetic causesWhat is the link between genetics and brain development?Environmental causesInvestigationsTherapyGene and CRISPR therapyDietary therapySpecial educationEarly interventionContinuing educationHelping the familyConclusionsReferencesChapter 14 AutismIntroductionDefinitionEarly signsDiagnosisClassifying systemsDiagnostic and statistical manual 5th edition (DSM-5)Diagnostic testsPrevalenceAssociated conditionsAre boys more likely to be autistic?CausesGenetic causesHunt for variants or mutationsDe novo variantsWhole exome sequencing (WES)Neurological causesBrain pathophysiologyConditions associated with autismManagement of autismWhat are the main targets for management?Medical treatmentMedicine and diets that do not workEarly interventionShould we correct behavioural differences?Practical advice on how parents and caregivers can cope with their autistic childFuture challengesConclusionsReferencesResourcesOnline Books and CoursesChapter 15 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)IntroductionDifficulties with diagnosisThe diagnostic and statistical manual 5th edition (DSM-5)ADHD testsDifferential diagnosisEpidemiologyComponents of ADHDBrain investigationsBrain imagingElectroencephalographyNeurotransmittersCauses of ADHDGeneticsEnvironmental factorsTreatmentNeurofeedback therapyFamous people with ADHDConclusionsReferencesChapter 16 DyslexiaIntroductionDefinitionDevelopmental language disorder (DLD) (diagnostic and statistical manual 5th edition DSM-V)EpidemiologyEarly diagnosisGenetic causesBrain imaging studiesControversy: Phonological Deficit HypothesisProblems associated with dyslexiaTips for parents on how to manage dyslexiaPractical classroom managementBilingualism (also seeChapter 9)Different languages and different countriesNew technologyHistory of dyslexiaFamous dyslexicsConclusionsReferencesOnline helpChapter 17 Depression and suicideRise in suicidesWhat is depression?Clinical presentationSymptoms of depressionDiagnosisOther symptoms associated with depressionHow depression affects one's daily lifeDepression in childrenSubtypes of depressionDifferential diagnosisBipolar disorderSeasonal affective disorderCausesGeneticsEnvironmental factorsLife eventsNeuropathology of depressionInvestigationsMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanPositron Emission Tomography (PET) scan and functional magnetic resonance imagingElectroencephalogram (EEG)Blood testsTreatmentsNon-pharmacological treatmentsPsychotherapySocial supportMusic and art therapyPhysical activitiesDietAntidepressantsElectroconvulsive therapyDeep brain stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimulationSuicideThe risk factorsThe warning signs of suicidal thoughtsListen carefullyUnusual actions or writingsChanges in behaviourThe COVID-19 pandemic and depressionConclusionsReferencesAppendixSuicide help hotlineMental well-beingMarital and parenting issuesViolence or abuseCounsellingChapter 18 Memory lossIntroductionCauses of memory lossHistory takingExaminationInvestigationsManagementHow to improve memory in childrenConclusionsReferencesChapter 19 DyscalculiaIntroductionDefinitionSymptoms of dyscalculiaEpidemiologyDiagnosisCausesAptitude vs abilityComorbiditiesTips for parents on how to manage dyscalculiaPractical classroom managementConclusionsReferencesChapter 20 Screen timeIntroductionSymptoms of negative mental effects of the internetParenting controlsGaming addictionCyberbullyingAlternative activitiesFinal noteReferencesChapter 21 COVID-19 pandemic effects on mental healthIntroductionPhysical signs and symptoms of COVID-19 infectionLockdowns and other restrictionsEffects on childrenAutism spectrum childrenChildren with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Prevention and treatment of mental health issuesRacial tensionsConclusionsReferencesIndex