AcknowlegdementsList of AbbreviationsTable of CasesIntroduction 1 Aims and Objectives of the Book 2 The Centrality of the Economics-and-Culture Debate in International Law 3 The State of the Art 4 Methodology 5 Chapter PlanPART 1: Cultural Heritage, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Defining and Connecting the Fields1 Cultural Heritage in International Law 1 Introduction 2 Defining Cultural Heritage 2.1 Culture 2.2 Heritage 2.3 Cultural Heritage 3 The Various Categories of Heritage 3.1 World Heritage 3.2 Underwater Cultural Heritage 3.3 Intangible Cultural Heritage 3.4 Cultural Diversity 3.5 Indigenous Cultural Heritage 4 A Multipolar Cultural Heritage Law 4.1 National v. International 4.2 Public v. Private 4.3 Mandatory v. Voluntary Approaches 5 Cultural Governance as a Battlefield 5.1 Tangible v. Intangible Heritage 5.2 Toward a More Democratic and Bottom-up Heritage Governance 5.3 Pragmatism v. Idealism 5.4 Substantive Overreach and Procedural Underachievement? 5.5 Heritagization – Heritage v. Humanity? 6 Cultural Heritage as a Human Rights Issue 7 Conclusions2 International Economic Law 1 Introduction 2 Content, Aims and Objectives of International Economic Law 3 The Sources of International Economic Law 4 State Sovereignty and International Economic Law 5 The Settlement of International Economic Disputes 5.1 The Main Features of Investor–State Arbitration 5.2 The Main Features of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism 5.3 Converging Divergences 6 The ‘Legitimacy Crisis’ of International Economic Law 7 Final Remarks3 Connecting the Fields 1 Introduction 2 The Linkage Issue 3 Protectionist Cultural Policies v. Efficient Regulation? 4 Global Cultural Governance by International Economic Courts? 5 The Settlement of Heritage-Related International Economic Disputes 6 ConclusionsPART 2: When Cultures Collide: Cultural Heritage, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Introductory Note4 Cultural Heritage in International Investment Law and Arbitration 1 Introduction 2 The Diaspora of Cultural Heritage-Related Disputes before Arbitral Tribunals 3 The Notion of Investment 4 Expropriation 4.1 Direct Expropriation 4.2 Indirect Expropriation 5 Compensation Claims 6 Fair and Equitable Treatment 6.1 Legitimate Expectations 6.2 International Law as a Source of Legitimate Expectations 6.3 A New Tool to Enforce International Cultural Heritage Law? 7 Full Protection and Security 8 Non-Discrimination 8.1 Direct Discrimination 8.2 Indirect Discrimination 8.3 Positive Measures 9 Performance Requirements 10 Critical Assessment 11 Conclusions5 Cultural Heritage in International Trade Law 1 Introduction 2 The Theory of Comparative Advantage 3 Non-Discrimination 3.1 Direct and Indirect Discrimination 3.2 The Likeness Test 3.3 Legitimate Distinctions? 4 Quantitative Restrictions 5 National Treasures of Artistic, Historic or Archaeological Value 5.1 Aim, Scope and Content of Article XX( f ) 5.2 The 1970 UNESCO Convention 5.3 The Linkage between Article XX( f ) and the 1970 UNESCO Convention 6 Public Morals 6.1 Defining Public Morals 6.2 Case Studies 6.3 Morality and Trade Revisited 7 The Security Exception 8 Intellectual Property 8.1 Copyright and Culture 8.2 Geographical Indications 8.3 Traditional Knowledge 9 Agriculture 10 Conclusion6 Converging Divergences in the Jurisprudence of Cultural Heritage-Related International Economic Disputes 1 Introduction 2 Converging Divergences between the Two Fields 3 Converging Divergences in the Jurisprudence of Cultural Heritage-Related International Economic Disputes 4 Distinguishing Cultural Protection from Cultural Protectionism 5 Mainstreaming Cultural Heritage in International Economic Law 6 Toward Good Cultural Governance? 7 The Emergence of General Principles of Law Requiring the Protection of Cultural Heritage 8 Conclusions7 Challenges and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 De Lege Lata 2.1 Negotiating Cultural Disputes 2.2 Conflict and Reconciliation of Norms 2.3 The Applicable Law 2.4 Transnational Public Policy 2.5 Treaty Interpretation 3 De Lege Ferenda 3.1 Cultural Exceptions 3.2 Counterclaims 3.3 Amici Curiae 3.4 Authoritative Interpretations, Waivers and Amendments 3.5 Institutional Cooperation 4 ConclusionsConclusionsBibliographyIndex